Creation of Heme and Hemoglobin Producers Based on Microorganisms - Cytology and Genetics

Abstract— At present, the production of hemoglobin using microorganisms is an actual and urgent problem for solving the needs of medicine and the food industry. Its microbiological synthesis using a precursor (heme) is one of the steps in obtaining this protein. The results of the studies on obtaining heme and heme-containing proteins from prokaryotic (Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum) and eukaryotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris) microorganisms were analyzed. It was demonstrated that the producers created on the basis of E. coli and C. glutamicum synthesized a free heme exogenously, while the yeasts P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae are the most efficient producers for the synthesis of both endo- and exogenous complex heme-containing proteins (hemoglobin and leghemoglobin). It was demonstrated that the creation of efficient producers of heme and hemoglobin is based on a change in the genetic material of microorganisms, and the stages of heme synthesis and points of possible modifications of this process were determined. Genetically modified yeast models (producers of heme-containing proteins) were characterized. Based on a summary of the analyzed data, it was determined that yeast cells are the most promising producers for further improvement and oversynthesis of heme-containing proteins.