Convection–diffusion equation
The convection-diffusion equation is a more general version of the scalar transport equation. It is a combination of the diffusion and convection (advection) equations. It describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and convection.
\[\dfrac{\partial c}{\partial t} = \mathbf{\nabla} \cdot (D \mathbf{\nabla} c - \mathbf{v} c) + R\]

\[\dfrac{\partial c}{\partial t} = \underbrace{\mathbf{\nabla} \cdot (D \mathbf{\nabla} c)}_{\text{diffusion}}-\overbrace{\underbrace{\mathbf{\nabla}\cdot (\mathbf{v} c)}_{\text{advection}}}^\text{convection} + \overbrace{\underbrace{R}_\text{destruction}}^\text{creation}\]

\(\mathbf{\nabla} \cdot (D \mathbf{\nabla} c)\) is the contribution of diffusion.
\(- \mathbf{\nabla}\cdot (\mathbf{v} c)\) is the contribution of convection or advection.
\(R\) describes the creation or destruction of the quantity.

where
\(c\) is the variable of interest.
\(D\) is the diffusivity.
\(\mathbf{v}\) is the velocity field, and
\(R\) is the sources or sinks of the quantity \(c\).

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LINEAR TRANSPORT EQUATION
The linear transport equation (LTE) models the variation of the concentration of a substance flowing at constant speed and direction. It's one of the simplest partial differential equations (PDEs) and one of the few that admits an analytic solution.

Given \(\mathbf{c}\in\mathbb{R}^n\) and \(g:\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}\), the following Cauchy problem models a substance flowing at constant speed in the direction \(\mathbf{c}\).
\[\begin{cases}
u_t+\mathbf{c}\cdot\nabla u=0,\ \mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^n,\ t\in\mathbb{R}\\
u(\mathbf{x},0)=g(\mathbf{x}),\ \mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}^n
\end{cases}\]
If \(g\) is continuously differentiable, then \(\exists u:\mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) solution of the Cauchy problem, and it is given by
\[u(\mathbf{x},t)=g(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{c}t)\]

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