I don’t argue with most of your conclusions here, but language can shape how we think. As one example, for languages that have more regular number words (12 = 1 10 2, for instance) the children can learn how to count to 100 much earlier - and this can factor into math understanding.
The stereotype of this would be the Asian maths wizard, but this holds true for a number of other languages, including Welsh and Tamil. (source1 DOI: 10.1080/0951508080228551 , Source2 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00266 )