A recent genetic analysis of late Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) in Western Europe indicates that these populations were genetically diverse, healthy, and interconnected just before their extinction.
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https://www.sflorg.com/2026/06/ebio06242601.html
Neanderthal Genetics Challenge Extinction Theories

DNA analysis reveals late Neanderthals in Western Europe were genetically healthy and diverse right before their extinction 40,000 years ago.