This is a great illustration highlighting transport systems need system- and networked thinking. Emergency measures are costly interventions, but can provide for learning opportunities (bar: narrative shadows), to inform broader system change. Could the paper have done "better"?
First, to say the obvious: the paper does MANY things expected from a high quality paper at the intersection of public finance/public policy etc and is a great piece of work. Yet, this paper may also develop a "narrative shadow", you may see in the future it is being "cited"...
as evidence that public transportation subsidies "don't work" tackling things like the climate crisis. The authors rightly warn that this is not the correct interpretation of the results, but it is within the span of narratives. The main mechanism can be presented as this: