"A cyclist is a disaster for the country's economy: he does not buy cars and does not borrow money to buy. He does not pay for insurance policies. He does not buy fuel, does not pay for the necessary maintenance and repairs. He does not use paid parking. He does not cause serious accidents. He does not require multi-lane highways. He does not get fat.
Healthy people are neither needed nor useful for the economy. They don't buy medicine. They do not go to hospitals or doctors. Nothing is added to the country's GDP (gross domestic product).
On the contrary, every new McDonald's restaurant creates at least 30 jobs: 10 cardiologists, 10 dentists, 10 dietary experts and nutritionists, and obviously, people who work at the restaurant itself."
Choose carefully: cyclist or McDonald's? It is worth considering.
P.S. Walking is even worse. Pedestrians don't even buy bicycles.
P.P.S. If you have read this far and still don't get it, this post is SATIRE. Reread it with this in mind.
@MarkHoltom This is the reverse case of the broken window fallacy. What cyclists do not spend one way, they spend in other areas.
To the best of our knowledge, the net impact of cycling on GDP is positive, because cyclists are more productive (because healthier).

@MathieuP

But they spend their money the wrong way. Nothing goes to big business like car companies, construction industry (suburbian sprawl!), banks, pharma and healthcare etc.

And they lead a less resource intense life - that's not okay from a growth paradigm perspective.
Seriously, that's bad for capitalism.

@MarkHoltom

@stekopf @MarkHoltom
Sorry, but this is not the way growth accounting works. Economic growth is producing more with the same amount of inputs, or less. When I avoid filling my car fuel tank and buy an album on Bandcamp instead, I create growth: there are less market-traded inputs for an additional copy of the album than for a tank of gasoline.
Notice the same holds if I replace the album with an Amazon Prime subscription.

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom

"Economic growth is producing more with the same amount of inputs, or less."

This is a curious definition of growth. Wouldn't it suffice to end the sentence at "more", i.e. "economic growth is producing more"?

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom

What some people may take issue with in regards to the input is that economics often only concerns itself with money, as you hinted at by adding an adjective "market-traded". The input being a unique ecosystem being destroyed or a non-renewable resource cannot be reduced to a monetary valuation though.

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom

How can you be sure there are less inputs for a copy of a Bandcamp album or an Amazon Prime subscription than for an equally-priced amount of gasoline? The digital world has a very real physical footprint in terms of materials and energy.

@jackofalltrades @stekopf @MarkHoltom We are taking marginal costs here. The overwhelming share of digital goods footprint is at the hardware fabrication and disposal stages.

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom

Not only that. Energy is also a very important input, which comes back nicely to the gasoline for a car vs digital subscription example.

It's hard to avoid news like these nowadays:

https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/21/why-electricity-prices-are-surging-for-us-households.html

or:

https://www.npr.org/2024/09/20/nx-s1-5120581/three-mile-island-nuclear-power-plant-microsoft-ai

Or even a cursory browse of @gerrymcgovern feed will give you a good idea of how much input the digital world requires.

Why electricity prices are surging for U.S. households

Electricity prices are outstripping the pace of inflation by a wide margin — a trend likely to continue in coming years, experts said.

CNBC

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern

While it is obvious that more energy is needed to move a car than to stream an album over the internet, it becomes much less obvious once the whole system is taken into account. Just like roads have costs, so does the internet infrastructure. Storing and streaming data requires data centers, routers, switches and cables that not only need to be constantly powered, but also periodically replaced.

1/2

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern

In fact, diesel-powered trucks visit data centers every day to replace old and broken equipment.

Given all that, can we be sure that $100 of digital goods requires smaller resource input than $100 of gasoline?

Our world becomes increasingly digitized and yet our resource use is only going up. How would you explain that?

2/2

@jackofalltrades @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern
Firstly, because I have recent lifecycle analysis under my eyes. We are talking differences by one or two orders of magnitude, there.
Secondly, the increase of resources consumption at world level is overwhelmingly the effect of development. In the Western world, resource consumption per capita is stable or decreasing in most countries (the US are, as for health, the embarrassing outlier).

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern

"We are talking differences by one or two orders of magnitude"

Could you share a link to that research?

"In the Western world, resource consumption per capita is stable or decreasing in most countries."

That is surprising. Is this accounting for trade?

@jackofalltrades @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern
For energy use, this chart (not trade adjusted) is a good place to start : https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?tab=chart
Energy use per person

Measured in kilowatt-hours per person. Here, energy refers to primary energy using the substitution method.

Our World in Data
How much energy do countries consume when we take offshoring into account?

How do energy footprints compare across the world when we adjust for the goods that we import from overseas?

Our World in Data

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern

This is energy only, and the claim was about all inputs.

It may be hard to find good estimates from the production side, so we may as well look at the waste side:

https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/plastic-waste-accumulated-in-oceans

Europe went from 2.11m tonnes of plastic waste ending up in the ocean in 2000 to 5.05m tonnes in 2019.

Similarly, according to:

https://globalewaste.org/statistics/continent/europe/2015/

Europe went from 15.6kg of e-waste per capita in 2015 to 17.6kg in 2022.

Plastic waste accumulated in the oceans

The amount of plastic waste that has accumulated in the oceans since 1951. This is calculated as the running total of plastic flowing into the ocean each year.

Our World in Data

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern

I live in Europe and wherever I look I see more *stuff*. There's no way we are using less resource inputs per capita than 20 or even 10 years ago.

@jackofalltrades @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern I think we have little grasp of how inefficient cars were when we were young (I live in France).
A current BMW consumes half as much as a 1990's Ford Sierra.
There has also been bounds in energy efficiency of most home appliances and heating devices.
You'll also notice that there is more stuff, but most of it is so much lighter than it used to be.

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern

Yes, but there were less cars when I was young. The playground next to my parents' house has been converted into a parking lot. 🙁

The car sizes also changed drastically. Our family of five drove on vacation in Fiat 126p. Now my two parents drive alone in Toyota RAV4.

The lighter stuff may still have a bigger environmental impact / material input. Just ask yourself: how many kilograms of raw materials must be mined to produce a single cell phone?

@jackofalltrades
A single cell phone? Last time I checked up, it was about 60 - 90 kg of mining waste for that 140 grams of specialness. And about 14,000 liters of water. Not to worry, we've only made and dumped about 16 billion of them since 2007.

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom

@jackofalltrades
Excellent points. Bigger and worse. Lighter and more throwaway. Planned obsolescence and all that. Driven by the corrupted concepts of innovation and efficiency.

There's more materials in a modern tire than there used to be in an entire car. What that means is that tires are toxic time bombs, with a car’s four tires generating one trillion toxic nano particles of dust for every kilometer driven. But, heh, innovation and efficiency!

@MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom

@gerrymcgovern @jackofalltrades @MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom yeah, the average car is also a LOT heavier, as well as bigger (and electric vehicles are the worst, as they are both heavier and don't become lighter as the fuel is used up) causing more damage to roads, which have to then be repaired. And they even take up more space when parked...

@UkeleleEric
Totally. And this crap is being peddled as "green".

@jackofalltrades @MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom

@jackofalltrades @MathieuP @stekopf @MarkHoltom @gerrymcgovern But what I discovered is: people buy more and more stuff because of two main reasons:
1. Tik Tok was instrumentalized to create another „Status“ society so that so that you have to buy shit to compete with peer pressure
2. Industry sells not finished shit. So you buy it, you discover it’s crap, you buy another one, to try wether that works as expected, and so on.