This seems important: Russia's new nuclear policy is that if a non-nuclear state engages in a conventional attack against Russia (ie, Ukraine occupying Kursk and sending drones and missiles into Russia), and that non-nuclear state is "supported by" a nuclear state (ie, the U.S./U.K./France etc.), it will be considered a "joint attack" justifying a nuclear response.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/25/putin-nuclear-deterrent-ukraine-threat/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/25/putin-nuclear-deterrent-ukraine-threat/