@davetron5000 we tend to move validation to where end user input is received, and we also tend to avoid result objects unless there truly are multiple outcomes inherent to what the thing does. We don’t use result object states to model malfunctions, for instance. This simplifies the decision.

This is a circumstance where the more correct approach will vary case by case, in my experience. But the reusable approach tends to be more common in practice for us.