After the Civil War, a series of constitutional amendments were enacted. The 13th abolished slavery, the 14th granted citizenship to formerly enslaved, and the 15th ensured the right to vote for all men regardless of race. However, numerous states employed tactics like poll taxes, literacy tests, to disenfranchise Black citizens. They also enforced strict segregation through "Jim Crow" laws and tolerated violence the KKK.

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Following Reconstruction, the U.S. Congress did not pass any civil rights acts for several decades. Much of the South was characterized by "Jim Crow" laws, which legally enforced racial segregation. These laws relegated African Americans to the back of buses and mandated separate facilities for drinking, restrooms, and dining areas.

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The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared racially segregated public schools unconstitutional, sparked the civil rights movement's efforts for desegregation and equal rights. Eventually, in 1957, it established a civil rights section within the Justice Department and a Commission on Civil Rights to investigate discriminatory conditions.

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