@TechConnectify on a DS-9 episode, Sisko builds a solar sail ship and mentions making an exception to historical accuracy by installing “gravity plates in the floor” because floating in zero-g is inconvenient.
So +1G gravity is embedded in the flooring of ships somehow.

As for turbolifts my understanding always was that they don’t fall as much as accelerates out of control across the shafts which from the occupants perspective might feel like a falling elevator if it’s accelerating “downward”.