Bridget BarrettReading for the first time an extraordinarily smart (and undercited!) piece from 2017. Political advertisements may have small effects on things like vote choice (so small they are barely detectable), but Ostfeld finds exposure to a single ad can increase perceptions of homogeneity of a group by a quarter of a standard deviation among people who rarely see themselves represented in media.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2017.1288183
Unity Versus Uniformity: Effects of Targeted Advertising on Perceptions of Group Politics
While a great deal of attention has been paid to how political media can divide and polarize politicized groups in the U.S., little is understood about its effects within those groups. In this stud...