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~ The story of Semiramis part III ~

She is one of the more controversial figures from ancient history and has become more so since the 19th century CE when the Christian minister Alexander Hislop published his book The Two Babylons (originally in 1853 CE and a more popular edition in 1858 CE), linking Semiramis with the whore of Babylon from the biblical Book of Revelation. Even though The Two Babylons is clearly anti-Catholic propaganda and has no claim to biblical or historical accuracy, it is still cited by certain protestant Christian works as an authority on the subject, and the book therefore contributes to the controversy surrounding Semiramis.

The book claims, to cite only two examples of biblical inaccuracy, that Semiramis was Nimrod's wife, whereas Chapter 10 of Genesis says no such thing, and famously insists that Semiramis is the whore of Babylon when her name is nowhere mentioned in the Bible. The book continues to exert a powerful influence over certain readers and their understanding of ancient history in general and Semiramis specifically.

Whether Sammu-Ramat was the model for Semiramis continues to be argued by modern historians, who often cite the same ancient inscriptions for their conflicting arguments, and it does not seem to be a debate that will be settled anytime soon. Based simply on the evidence of Sammu-Ramat being able to erect her own stele at the prestigious city of Ashur, however, it would appear she was a very impressive and very powerful Assyrian queen who was known to later generations as Semiramis.

Painting : Semiramis at the corpse of Ara the Beautiful, by Vardges Sureniants

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~ The story of Semiramis part II ~

Whatever she did, it stabilized the empire after a civil war and provided her son with a sizable and secure nation when he came to the throne. It is known that she defeated the Medes and annexed their territory, may have conquered the Armenians and, according to Herodotus, may have built the embankments at Babylon on the Euphrates River which were still famous in his time. What else she did, however, merged with myth in the years after her reign.

These legends concerning Semiramis and her marriage to Ninyas (also known as Ninus) inspired still more tales of the queen's reign. According to the Gesta Treverorum (12th century CE), an account of the Germanic Treveri tribe, Semiramis even exerted influence over ancient Germania. According to the story, Ninyas had a son by an earlier marriage named Trebeta. Semiramis hated her stepson and saw him as a threat. After Ninus' death, she either exiled him or he, fearing for his life, left Assyria with a band of followers and eventually founded the city of Trier, which would become one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire.

Other ancient accounts, such as those by Diodorus Siculus, also seem to have combined earlier accounts of Sammu-Ramat's reign with myths and legends relating to the goddess Astarte and Ishtar/Inanna so that, in time, the historical queen became the mythical, semi-divine, Semiramis.

Painting : Semiramis Called to Arms, by Le Guerchin 

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~ The story of Semiramis part I ~

Semiramis is a legendary queen thought to be based on the historical Sammu-Ramat (r. 811-806 BCE), the queen regent of the Assyrian Empire who held the throne for her young son Adad Nirari III until he reached maturity.

She was the wife of Shamshi-Adad V (r. 823-811 BCE) and, when he died, she assumed rule until Adad Nirari III came of age, at which time she passed the throne to him. Women were not admitted to positions of authority in the Assyrian Empire, and to have a woman ruler would have been unthinkable unless that particular woman had enough power to take and hold it.

This, however, is precisely the problem with Sammu-Ramat's reign: there is very little information about what she did and how she went about doing it and some scholars refer to her simply as “an obscure Assyrian lady of the eighth century B.C. of whom we know nothing for certain except that she is named on an inscription as lady of the palace”. It would seem, however, that she was much more than that and, however little may be left to record her reign, there is enough to suggest that she was the equal of her predecessors and secured the kingdom after the death of her husband.

It is not known what year she married the king, but when her husband died and she took the throne, she was able to provide the nation with the stability it needed. It seems that, after the death of her husband she continued to lead military campaigns herself although this claim, like those concerning much of her reign, has been challenged.

Painting : Semiramis, Queen of Assyria, by Cesare Saccaggi

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