Bubble rupture is not a single process but a sequence: hole opening, rim retraction, and jet focusing.

Surface tension accelerates all stages, while viscosity mainly determines whether the final jet survives or collapses.

https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pof/article/38/5/053329/3391634/Investigation-of-the-characteristic-velocities-of

#Matter #FluidMechanics #Instabilities #Jets #CapillaryFlows