draft independent study shows Pangram achieved near-zero FNR (false negative rates) and FPR (false positive rates) of ≤ 0.005 robustly across models, threshold rules, ultra-short passages, "stubs" (≤ 50 words) and ’humanizer’ tools. The authors tested 1,992 passages across six everyday genres (news, blogs, consumer reviews, novels, restaurant reviews, and résumés) using GPT-4.1, Claude Opus 4, Claude S… “Artificial writing and automated detection”
http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w34223 #ai #teaching