In 1865, the guns of the Civil War fell silent. Many Northerners believed the nation had been remade. Good over evil. Right over wrong. But they underestimated the determination of those who had lost. The Civil War ended 161 years ago. Yet Americans are still arguing over the same questions: who counts as a citizen, who can vote, and whose America this is.

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Image: Two Black American Union soldiers, Gladstone Collection of African American Photographs, ca 1860s. Universal History Archive.