Undeclared War: How Russia is Attacking Europe - Sopuli

> Moreover, from the perspective of Russian military science, the widespread European discourse on ‘hybrid war’ suffers from a lack of doctrinal precision. Western analysts often equate this term with the entire spectrum of subversive activities; however, Russian military thought, particularly the framework formalized by military academics, introduces a strict taxonomy of escalation. > Within this hierarchy, ‘hybrid war’ is already a specific, advanced level of hostile actions (Stage 4), distinct from lower levels of intervention. Information operations, economic coercion, propaganda, and internal political subversion alone do not constitute hybrid war within this doctrine.