This weeks post: Taxation as Insurance, Welfare and Entitlements https://mainlymacro.blogspot.com/2026/04/taxation-as-insurance-welfare-and.html
If we view taxes and benefits as mainly a social insurance system, then it makes little sense to separate employees national insurance contributions and income taxes.
Taxation as Insurance, Welfare and Entitlements

  A rather abstract discussion which leads to a very specific conclusion about the merger of income tax and employee national insurance cont...

@sjwrenlewis Universal basic income tries to level those concepts, no?