I've spent a good chunk of the day working through how the AVR emulation for the AY-3-8912 works - as you do.

I did wonder if it would run on a standard Arduino Uno/Nano, but no. The emulation assumes a 27MHz clock for the ATMega compared to the Arduino's usual 16MHz.

There are those Logic Green ATMega328P clones in a Nano clone board that go up to 32 MHz, so that might be something to look at, at some point though... I think they're still 5V logic.

https://github.com/Yevgeniy-Olexandrenko/avr-ay-board/blob/main/firmware/v1.0/sources/emulator.asm