In Ireland, the Annals of Ulster record the beginning of hostilities in 795 with the attack on the monastery of Rechru and the settlements of Inishmurray, Inisbofin, and Lambay. Military pressure steadily increased: in 798, the monastery of Holmpatrick, in Dublin Bay, was struck, and from 820 onward, Irish chronicles describe a climate of endemic violence perpetrated by the "men of the north".

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