Integrated quantitative imaging and biomechanical modeling of early gastrulation in C. elegans

The stereotyped internalization of two endodermal precursors during early Caenorhabditis elegans gastrulation enables quantitative dissection of cell ingression mechanics. Experimental work has shown that apical constriction drives Ea and Ep ingression, and several molecular features involved have been identified. Yet, no integrative mechanical analysis has assessed how these elements collectively produce the observed behavior. To address this, we combined biomechanical simulations with a comprehensive dataset of 3D-segmented cell meshes, some with cortical protein distributions, to analyze the mechanics of ingression in its in-vivo context. Our analysis shows the process starts shortly after birth of the ingressing cells. A cortical flow drives the formation of an E-cadherin-rich structure at the apical Ea-Ep interface, which contributes to localizing the buildup of apical tension. Simulations show that medioapical actomyosin contraction can reproduce the observed ingression movements and suggest force transmission to neighboring cells via a friction-based "molecular clutch" at the apical ring of contact. A series of concurrent cell divisions facilitates ingression, and their stereotyped planar orientation also contributes. Furthermore, we observe an embryo-wide movement of cells during gastrulation. This movement resembles a flow, suggesting that local force generation leads to global rearrangements via internal pressure changes. Finally, at the end of ingression, detailed microscopy shows that neighboring cells actively close the gastrulation cleft by forming a rosette-like configuration and extending actin-rich protrusions. In conclusion, our integrated mechanical description of gastrulation shows that successful ingression is driven by apical constriction and supported by localized friction-based force transmission, coordinated stereotyped cell divisions, and the resulting global tiss ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Research Foundation - Flanders, 11I2921N, 1194222N, 11L0923N, 11D9923N, G008423N KU Leuven, C14/24/109