What if a simple Cognito login could grant an attacker access to your S3 buckets, DynamoDB tables, or worse? When AWS Cognito Identity Pools are configured with excessive IAM permissions, authenticated users receive temporary credentials that let them far exceed their intended access. Authenticate to a user pool, exchange the ID token for AWS credentials, then leverage whatever permissions the Identity Pool grants. Even unauthenticated users can be affected.

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Abusing Overpermissioned AWS Cognito Identity Pools - Hacking The Cloud

How to take advantage of misconfigured Amazon Cognito Identity Pools.