@aparrish It's worse than that. I've worked out the econometrics of it. Most of the redundant work software devs do can be characterised as integration work, which is not really needed if companies commit to semantic standards. Ballpark $1.46T - $2.2T annually. That is, the entire output of a midsize western country burnt every year. Graeber is not around to write a new book about it, but somebody else should.