My #RetroComputing exhibit about the #LINC is about to open at the #UCL Urban Room for the next two months.
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/events/2025/aug/practice-iii-student-showcase
Edit: It's now open! You have until Friday, 31 Oct 2025 to come and see it!
My #RetroComputing exhibit on the #LINC and Mary Allen Wilkes is open for free to the public in #Stratford #London through the end of October 2025. Please drop by and interact with it!
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/events/2025/aug/practice-iii-student-showcase
This emulates the classic LINC from 1965. Out of scope: earlier models e.g. with only 1024 words of memory, or newer models such as micro-LINC 300, LINC-8, or PDP-12. The emulator passes diagnost...
@spacehobo @larsbrinkhoff this is brilliant. It's one thing to hear there's a new emulator for given hardware, but it's another to hear from an independent person saying they've got that emulator up and running. Well done to both of you!
Spacehobo I'm delighted to see snippets from Wes Clarke's presentation at the 1986 conference on the History of the Personal Workstation in your video loop: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9YBZo30Ses
@larsbrinkhoff @spacehobo my comment is not intended in any way to undermine your work in building the emulator! Thank you!
#LINC is such an important machine, and it's wonderful that you were able to adapt the #SIMH framework to support it.
@spacehobo I made USB game controllers provide inputs for the knob, for playing Spacewar on the LINC. But it was no fun, I want real pots.
However, it was a little fun to push on the stick to have LAP6 display more text lines.
@larsbrinkhoff It's currently unwired to anything! I have a freeCAD model that the fab folks turned into a 2D file for their laser, and they cut it from a sheet of 3mm acrylic that I bought at 500mm wide and 5u high. I also have 3D files for the numbered pot knobs and the LINCTape spools (which aren't the same size exactly because they were just props).
The lights are all just a string of neopixels driven from a crickit hat (which was also meant to drive the motors on the tape drives, but I had to cut those as deadlines loomed). The switches and knobs are real, but unwired to anything. I originally had a cheap 10" display behind the cutout for the scope, but managed to break it in all the hammering and screwing, so it's now got one of those 100mm square 720x720 displays in it (which was fine by me because I had square aspect ratio video).
The exhibit currently only uses a single RFID reader for visitor interaction, because it's mostly playing videos where Wilkes describes the development of the LINC.
The current electronics would let me plug in three or four analogue inputs for the pots, and a keyboard. To get the neopixels working authentically would just require an extension to the string and a lot of patient work, I think. Getting the switches working authentically for a replica would probably want a microcontroller translating state into something that speaks SPI or I²C to the pi.
And then there's the square buttons, which I also just left as inert diffusers for LEDs.
There's loads of potential, but I'd always want it to be convertable back to the RFID museum-in-a-box mode for workshops and exhibits later.
You have until the end of this week to go and see my exhibit!
Thanks to @larsbrinkhoff for uncovering the catalogue of the MIT Museum's collection, which includes this excellent photo of Mary Allen Wilkes in front of the Alpha Linc (as it was capitalised at that time): https://mitmuseum.mit.edu/collections/object/GCP-00049266?query=linc&resultIndex=2
You can see the "alpha" had two scopes, the potentiometers over on the experimenters' box, triangular tape mounts, and the configuration of the console panel is different. I strongly suspect the big knobs on the console are the same ones Clark put on the Average Response Computer.
I think that Wilkes's top has an embroidered Austrian coat of arms on it, likely from the year she went studying music in Vienna after being turned down for a graduate fellowship in Philosophy. She qualified for the fellowship, and really impressed the judges, but was ineligible because it was only granted to men.
Another amazing find by @larsbrinkhoff is this #LAP6 source code printout: https://bitsavers.org/pdf/washingtonUniversity/linc/LAP6_Manuscript_Listings_May67.pdf
It was good to see probably the most hardcore #LINC program out there in its original source form. But looking into this we found an oddity that uncovered some ingenious #RealProgrammer tricks that Mary Allen Wilkes used in her code.
Take a look at the attached screenshot here. This is a section from the `MSDISPLY.M` "manuscript" (text/source code) file for the main LAP6 editor. The first column is the memory location (in octal), second column is the octal value for the instruction line, and to the right of that is the source code in LINC assembly.
The code is full of subroutines, which make use of the fact that the first 16 memory locations are treated as a sort of register file, and the `JMP` instruction stores a return pointer in "register" 0 so that a `JMP 0` is basically `RET`. The only mnemonics that are in this code are `JMP`, `LDA`, `SAE`, and `XSK`.
`LDA i` loads the next word in the code into the accumulator, `SAE i` skips an instruction if the accumulator is equal to the next word in the code, and `XSK i 0` checks to see if the address in register 0 has overflowed somehow. The details of this subroutine are less interesting than all of the other lines.
Some of the lines have text like `BIGGEST BLOCK USED IN WA` and `MAXIMUM LN`, which the assembler has assigned the value `0000`, presumably because they are invalid instructions in LAP6 assembly. I guess that's a neat trick: bad memonics can make a handy self-documenting null value!
But take a look at line `524`:
```
524 0011 CURRENT LN
```
That's a bit of a novelty. How did `CURRENT LN` assemble to the value `0011` (9, decimal)?
Well remember that Mary Allen Wilkes had a strong hand on the LINC ISA: she wrote the emulator that could run LINC code before the hardware was anywhere near functional. She also wrote the assembler for this ISA on that emulator. She had direct control of both parts of this chain, and so she made it so that the LINC Assembly Program only checked two letters to see if it was a valid mnemonic: the middle letter was ignored for uniqueness!
So the word `CURRENT` basically matched the regex `^C.R`, and the assembler put the instruction for the `CLR` mnemonic, which is `0011`! (Incidentally this clears the accumulator when run as an opcode rather than an operand).
I'm still not sure how it picked the values. Somehow at one point she uses the text `TAPE INSTR` to match the `SCR` instruction (`0340` if you're curious). So my regex above wasn't the only way it could match mnemonics.
But now that I know that only the first and third letters are unique in combination, the whole instruction set begins to make more sense to me.
@gregly @spacehobo I suspect anywhere in the string, but I'm not sure.
Whitespace is mostly optional in this syntax so you could type e.g. XSKi0. Uppercase letters are grouped by three to form opcode mnemonics. The singe letters lowercase i, p, and u are always full tokens by themselves. A number followed by a letter forms a two-character label. Strings of octal digits are numbers. Spaces are only needed in those cases there's a parsing disambiguity.
@gregly @spacehobo Apparently strings of mnemonics are stripped off spaces and grouped into three characters for matching. So TAPE INSTR is parsed as TAP EIN STR, with STR matching SCR.
I have replicated this parsing in my LAP6 compatible assembler, and it gets the right results for the MSDISPLY part of the LAP6 manuscripts (sources).
Space Hobo
Amin Girasol
Lars Brinkhoff
Gregly
Neale