What Does It Mean for a Body (part) to Fail?

J.M.W. Turner, "Tintern Abbey" (1794) from Wikipedia Commons I just published a new paper: Barandiaran, X. E. (2025). Organizational Accounts of Malfunction: The Dual-Order Approach and the Normative Field Alternative. Biological Theory. Why does a heart attack count as a malfunction, but a volcanic eruption doesn’t? What makes one failure meaningful while the other is merely an outcome of physical laws?

http://xabier.barandiaran.net/2025/06/09/what-does-it-mean-for-a-body-part-to-fail/