I tried Incremental Online K-Means (IOKM) for color quantization based on a 2022 paper but seems like it also adds random dithering as a side effect so it's not really useful for compressing textures.

The paper: https://web.archive.org/web/20240921154745/https://faculty.uca.edu/ecelebi/documents/ESWA_2022.pdf

Left: libimagequant, Right: IOKM.

The algorithm is pretty neat though. It doesn't need a separate initialization step and gradually adds new clusters. Easy to implement too. I tried adding an extra refinement step at the end but it still left some stray "firefly" pixels. Of course it could be a bug in my implementation too, hehe :)