Absolutely beautiful work from Stephen Huston and coauthors finally published yesterday:
"Motor neurons generate pose-targeted movements via proprioceptive sculpting"
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07222-5
Motor control is really complicated and so so interesting. This work embraces that complexity to dissect control of a fly's neck with pretty unexpected but clear results. Rather than each motor neuron encoding a single movement direction, the direction of movement depends on the pose of the head. 1/n
Motor neurons generate pose-targeted movements via proprioceptive sculpting - Nature

Single motor neurons in Drosophila are stimulated to show that they direct head movements towards specific postures rather than generating fixed movement vectors, suggesting that the brain controls movements through a continuing proprioceptive–motor loop.

Nature
Modeling convincingly shows that each motor neuron instead provides a constant command signal that interacts with a proprioceptive feedback circuit. In the absence of this control single, this feedback circuit brings the head back to its origin. This authors conclude that "the nervous system generates movement by changing ongoing control laws that govern the relationship between estimates of the state of the body and actual movements of the body". 2/n
To reach these conclusions, Stephen & co used the full complement of tools available for Drosophila and I'm in awe of the work they did to understand this system. They generated GAL4 lines for >= 16/25 motor neuron pairs controlling the neck and measured activation effects of individual neurons using stochastic expression, both in isolation and with silencing of select proprioceptive neurons. This was thousands of flies that had to be tethered, analyzed, and dissected.
3/n
They characterized 11 muscles controlling the neck and their relationship to these neurons. We contributed to this work by developing 3D keypoint tracking systems for fairly unique video data, and Stephen contributed greatly to our tracking work by beta testing and helping us understand what successful tracking looks like. This was one of our main test cases for APT as we started developing.
4/n
Correction! animated gift were created by Peter Weir!! blog post here:
https://peterthomasweir.blogspot.com/2015/01/two-important-contributions.html?m=1
Two important contributions

A blog about scientific computing, Drosophila, and neurobiology.

@kristinmbranson This project looks so important and interesting, Kristin. We're going to journal club it soon. Congrats to you all!
@debivort We only contributed to the tracking portion -- this is really Stephen's work. The results have given me a lot to think about.
@kristinmbranson Please pass on my congrats to him then!