Life goals - Divisions by zero

Then your next job calls this job to verify your employment, finds out you quit without notice, and withdraws the offer

They gave notice.

Depending on the contract or location, this is more than enough.

Two weeks is often no more than a courtesy, and not a requirement. If the company fires you, they're unlikely to afford you that courtesy.

But with layoffs sometimes they do give you advance notice. It all depends I guess.
It seems like this greatly depends on your manager, rather than a company. Some will try to offer other positions in the company which will count as a layoff for the tops, it seems, but a worker will still be there, some will tell you in the last minute