A big part of it is built in batteries that are difficult to replace. My phone has a removable battery and has is on its third one now… still works fine and does everything I want it to, after 10 years of use.

It’s honorable that you struggle through 2013 Android, but using an internet enabled device that hasn’t received security updates in at least 7 years is a horrible idea.

Upgrade to a Fairphone at least, so you can keep replacing parts while also maintaining a base level of security.

I run Lineage Os on it. (Android 11) with the latest security patch being from august 2023, so it’s pretty much up to date.