Lecturer here, and I would say it really depends on the setting and the content of the class. I tried different things that worked, pairing students to introduce each other for two minutes, then they have to present each other (small groups). Surveys with menti for large crowds, and I am also answering the questions (mix of personal/content/opinion questions to understand the general atmosphere ok the lecture hall).

In a summer school, I did something I really liked, the walking exercise. 3 rounds, 3 questions: students have to walk in the room, and when I clap they have to pair with the closest person and discuss the question. Then we share altogether. But again the content of the questions may really depend. The summer school was about transformations for sustainability, targeting PhD candidates. We were asking about an important event explaining why there were studying sustainability, one question was ‘what at you good at’ and the last one was ‘what do you think should be transformed to become sustainable.’