What distribution is most used in production environment
I’ve come across Red Hat allot lately and am wondering if I need to get studying. I’m an avid Ubuntu server user but don’t want to get stuck only knowing one distro. What is the way to go if i want to know as much as I can for use in real world situations.
Most Linux distros are more alike than different. They’ll use different package managers, have different sets of software available, have different default settings for some stuff, but at the end of the day, Linux is Linux. Once you know enough, the distro is almost meaningless in terms of what you’re capable of. You can do almost anything on any distro with the right knowledge and a bit of effort. It mostly becomes about the effort at that point.
Skills you learn on one will be 98% transferrable to another. That’s why everybody says to just get Red Hat certifications; not because Red Hat has a monopoly, but because their certification process is fantastic, respected and accepted almost anywhere regardless of what they actually run. As you’ve seen, almost every answer you got was completely different on what they actually run in production.
The only standout differences are the newish trend of immutable distros (openSUSE ALP/Aeon, Fedora Kinoite/Silver blue, etc) and NixOS, which is also immutable but its own beast entirely. These have some new considerations separate from the rest, especially NixOS. But they’re still relatively fresh on the scene, so there’s no rush to learn about them just yet.
RedHat, CentOS, Debian, Ubuntu.
All are good choices.
The default Linux image on AWS (Amazon Linux) is RPM-based; but the default image on Google Cloud currently appears to be Debian “bullseye” (the April 2023 release) with an option for “bookworm” (brand new this month). I’m not sure about Microsoft Azure but their docs suggest a Debian default as well.
So that’s one impression. Knowing both dpkg/apt and rpm will serve you well.
Major tech companies have their own internal distributions in their production datacenters, which focus much more on their specific needs. Any major tech company using Linux in datacenters will have an engineering team specifically building what they need.
Agreed; I was going to comment something similar: I work with SAP (SAP’s HANA database runs on SUSE). When I need a free swrver OS for anything else, I go debian (I used RH from 4.2 to 8.0 when they fooled us once, then went debian).
So being comfortable with a rpm based and a deb based system is good advice.
On the server side, when most administration is through ssh, distro differences are not as relevant as for GUI environments. Package handling is the most impacting difference (and I prefer deb), not that it’s a showstopper, when you have yast and aptitude though.
It really depends. I work for a large company and we use Ubuntu, Oracle, RedHat, and SLES. We were moving from Oracle to Ubuntu but now we are going back to RedHat.
Currently we deploy like this: Ubuntu: PostgreSQL, web servers, some engineering workstations, and big data Oracle & RedHat: web servers, security applications, and network systems
So just having a fundamental understanding of Linux and you will be fine SUSE: SAP and HR software
Thanks, I'll check it out! I honestly run into disk space issues with Ubuntu Server a lot. I'll give it a partition and it will fill up with this opaque "ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv" volume pretty quickly.
Here's a df -h on it right now:
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv 38G 17G 20G 47% /
For production server? No. mostly NixOS is for desktop.
Ansible cover what nixOS doesn’t in Debian/RHEL space, and it’s idempotent and better than nixOS config. Unless they change their approach for server, I don’t see any way in near future it will be massively adopted.
AIX
Impressive :) starting in the 2000s I was maintaining a park of SCO serves (yes, the infamous SCO) but starting 2010ish it was all Linux…
Nobody said Alpine? Youre debugging k8s containers your gonna find Alpine, Ubuntu/Debian and CentOS.
Once you know package managers and basic images you’re gonna be able to get what you need.
I’m seeing a lot of very interesting answers but I’m wondering what you mean by “production environment”.
Do you mean VFX Production? (English not my first language so if “production” is used in different industries, well, I didn’t know).
I’m new to the industry and worked for small companies that don’t use Linux. But my VFX peeps use Rocky, Mint, and Ubuntu ( stronger preference for Rocky in studios).
Mission critical server mostly are RHEL or EL Clone or Fedora or it’s derivative… If you combine even Azure nowdays, Microsoft Linux is derived from Fedora, same as Amazon Linux, and others… Debian are covering some part, but mostly hobbyist, or SME, and mostly non critical, as they don’t have standard across, even on their wiki.debian.org/LTS/Extended and www.debian.org/consultants/
apt also bad when you got to dowgrade package when something mess up, and get messy with dpkg… :'(
So I quite doubt if it’s production env, mostly go with EL. I do know some company use Ubuntu/Debian, but it’s quite few…
If Ubuntu/Debian want to shape Industries, and kick out RHEL, they need to have standard, and better consultancy than RHEL. I hope so that they could grow and make market competitive, but for now it isn’t sadly.
A distro can make automation more difficult than it needs to be. As I mentioned in my examples, Preseed sucks, have you ever used it? And of course Ansible works on pretty much any distro, but Debian family distros are made with the expectation of user input, such as expecting configuration values during package installation and this has to be worked around. It’s not impossible, just more work and testing. When you’re automating CentOS and Ubuntu next to each other, you’ll realize extra Ubuntu related code.
Not a big deal, it’s just minor preferences.
but Debian family distros are made with the expectation of user input, such as expecting configuration values during package installation
Any examples? I never installed such a package.
It’s been a long time, if I remember correctly one of them is Postfix. Again going from memory that’s at least five years old, when installed in say Ubuntu, you get asked questions, like what you want your mailserver hostname to be, whether you want to configure a relay, etc. This is fine if you know the answers at install time and you’re around to answer the question, otherwise your automation will hang indefinitely if this is not worked around.
Now also IIRC, there are ways to work around this, such as by providing the answers in your automation for the package install step (but then you’re mixing partial postfix config with the package install and the remainder of the config is separate, feels weird) , in some cases it’ might be simply an apt option, but like I said, it takes extra code in your automation which is not necessary on RHEL based distros. Installing a package in Ansible can be 3 short lines of code, for Deb based it’s like 10 lines.
Doing this for one package isn’t such a big deal, but when you find yourself having to work around things and writing extra code for one specific distro/family it becomes clear it wasn’t made for automation and unless you have a personal affinity for it, it’s just a bit easier to use something else.
This is not a diss, it’s not a bad thing for a distro to made for humans, it’s just in that the environments I work in, managing hundreds of machines with Ansible and having a significant code base I prefer to have my code smaller and cleaner.
Depends on context.
If you want to get a job as a “Linux admin” then Red Hat is basically what you want as a “default”. Fedora will give you something you can use at home that’s broadly similar.
At work: Alpine-based docker containers. Flatcar Container Linux for host VMs.
Personally: Ubuntu Server. Some alpine docker containers.
Support contracts for risk mitigation is a big part of it, and the other is RH release engineering is amazing.
Aside from that, RHEL, and clones, is a very straight forward, clean distro. It’s very focused with everything doted and tidy, and overall, it has a very uncomplicated feel to it. In contrast Debian derivatives are kind of messy, and SUSE tries to stuff every function into a single application.
RHEL does push a lot of technology. Out of the stable distros, it will be the first to put tech into production. RH does a lot with integration with other systems. This has kept me off of SUSE in the past. RHEL was more tech forward, comparatively.
dnf downgrade
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dnf history redo
it’s very very very critical for most case :')
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