*This report was originally posted in Portuguese-BR at Portal do Bitcoin (written by @vinibarbosa)

https://portaldobitcoin.uol.com.br/pequenos-mineradores-de-bitcoin-no-brasil-estao-sendo-sufocados-nao-e-rentavel/

Data from Cambridge University and the MacroMicroMe website show that, on average, costs of mining 1 BTC have been above its dollar value for ten months. Going back to August 2022, there were only a few one-off daily reliefs in the period.

Have the average Bitcoin miner been operating their businesses at a loss for nearly a year?

Vini went to investigate that through Portal do Bitcoin, talking to experts in Brazil on the challenges of the activity to provide an overview of BTC mining.

Four miners and mining educators in Brazil agree that high costs make it difficult for small producers to operate in the country. They explain that mining with specialized devices, ASICs, is expensive and often unfeasible.

One of the interviewees — who prefers to remain anonymous — said that the state of this market for small businesses is critical:

“Talking about ASIC and BTC mining in Brazil, 99.5% are illegal operations through energy stealing”.

Juliano "Caju" Freitas, who is a YouTuber on cryptocurrency mining, partially agrees: “Today in Brazil, a large part of ASICS mining is done by miners who do not pay for energy. Whether for photovoltaic energy, credits, rural areas, communities, or other ways.”

“In Brazil, you need free energy to mine with ASIC”, explains Caju. “Otherwise, it is impossible to be profitable. I have ASICs in Paraguay, in a hosting structure”.

Caju estimates that the energy cost of the activity in Paraguay is around 50% of gross revenue. While the percentage could reach 92% in Brazil, considering the tariff of R$ 1.00/kWh. “That's not counting the lighting fee and other fees that come with the electricity bill."

Fellow miner and educator Denny Torres explains that his goal with mining today is not building a professional business, but a buying strategy for long-term investment in BTC.
From 2016 to 2018, Torres had mining as his main income, which allowed him to live off the activity.

“Currently my strategy is to make a type of DCA (Dollar-Cost Averaging) buy crypto every day, without making banking transfers for any exchange or P2P. 100% anonymous. No more living off mining.”
— Denny Torres

These purchases are made indirectly — by paying for the necessary equipment, energy consumption, and other costs involved in the activity, to get more BTC in his personal wallet.

Torres also has a YouTube channel on the topic with over 191,000 subscribers; and says that he uses a GPU structure, instead of specialized equipment (ASIC) for Bitcoin.

“A miner that uses GPU or CPU is like an Uber driver…”

“… And an ASIC miner is like a businessman who owns a fleet of buses,” he explained. As the educator is unable to have a “bus fleet”, he ends up directing his computational power to mine “shitcoins”, which he uses to exchange for BTC, as said.

On the other hand, specialist, consultant and mining broker Allex Ferreira explained that the activity is not profitable for the small one, because the industry has changed a lot in the last five years. “Bitcoin mining is now a toy for adults,” he said.

Allex says he has been in Bitcoin since 2011 and mined in China until 2017, but he started to dedicate himself to consulting and advisory, as mining is no longer profitable as it used to be for small businesses.

Since 2018, new strategies applied by large miners are what keep the industry running.

“With the possibility of choosing energy suppliers and negotiating prices, the activity has become more profitable and attractive to investors looking for new business opportunities.”

*The importance of Bitcoin mining difficulty*

The penultimate increase in mining difficulty occurred on May 31, up 3.4%, surpassing 50 trillion hashes for the first time in blockchain history. And, before that, an increase of 3.22% on May 18th.

In block 794304, confirmed on the Bitcoin network on Wednesday (14), the difficulty observed was 52.35 trillion, breaking new records.

“The greater the difficulty, the smaller the reward. Consequently, less profitability.”
— Juliano Ferreira (Caju)

Mining through the proof-of-work (PoW) system was the method picked to secure the Bitcoin network and distribute new coin units to participants who dedicate work and resources to the activity. [see attachment]

This may discourage smaller miners like Denny Torres from directing their machines to the Bitcoin network and seek greater profitability on other networks.

This fact favours large mining farms, while concentrating hash power in a smaller group of larger miners.

“Increased mining difficulty prevent ‘Uber drivers’ from being able to participate directly in the Bitcoin network,” agrees Denny, using his analogy between GPU miners and Uber drivers; and ASIC miners with bus fleet owners.

According to Juliano Caju, it could even impact decentralization.

“Decentralization comes in hashrate distribution across many pools. Small BTC miners have a small part of the network hash. Big farms are still the biggest force in mining BTC and other altcoins.”

In this way, the more difficult it is to mine Bitcoin, the more exclusive the activity becomes. Limited to corporations with greater purchasing power and maintenance capacity.

*Bitcoin mining revenue, costs, and profits*

According to MacroMicro’s data, at the time of writing, the average cost to produce a single bitcoin (1 BTC) is estimated to be around $30,693. The average is obtained by the University of Cambridge, by crossing data and global costs involved in the activity.

If placed against the market price for 1 BTC, the estimated average result of (-)$4,709 per BTC mined is observed, if they were sold immediately after acquisition.

For Caju, those who mine BTC today do so thinking about bull cycles, as they believe in a super valuation soon.

Allex Ferreira, says that large mining farms hedge their positions through speculation in electricity futures contracts — some with contracts maturing in five years.

This guarantees the profitability of the business, even when the price of BTC on the spot market drops.

Allex insists that mining is not for the small anymore, and that Bitcoin’s spot price is no longer impacting big business as much. He also explains that the hash increase, which is constant, does not hurt industry giants, nor is it affected by price volatility.

“In the past, until 2017, the price of Bitcoin would fall, miners would turn off the machines and the hashrate would also fall. Today this is no longer the case, as they hedge with energy credits and other strategies”.
— Allex Ferreira

Using the Miningpoolstats website, Denny Torres shows that the third-largest mining pool in the world — F2Pool — generates around 49.5 EH/s out of the network's total 300 EH/s.

In the case of F2Pool, the cooperative charges a fee of 2% on its miners' revenue (which means more costs), equivalent to around US$ 65,000 per day, according to Torres, or 2.5 BTC/day in just fees for the company.

Juliano Caju says that there is a need for constant updating of miners' equipment to maintain their competitive relevance and business profitability, as new, more efficient ASICs are launched from time to time.

“Older [ASICs] are not profitable at all.”
— Juliano Freitas