WesDymEnglish has two different terms for words that come into English from other languages. A 'calque' is translated from the source language. (E.g., flea market, beer garden, paper tiger) A 'loanword' is ported in its original form. (E.g., cafe, bazaar, kindergarten) Perhaps ironically, the word 'calque' is a loanword, while 'loanword' is a calque (from Ger. 'lehnwort').
Michael Gisiger 
@wesdym To make things even more complicated, in German, we distinguish between loan translations (Lehnübersetzung; completely translated terms from other languages) and loan transfers (Lehnübertragung), where only part of the word is translated correctly. Here is an example: a skyscraper in German is a Wolkenkratzer, i.e. a cloud scraper.