The cost of being Black in America.

"The Black population had 1.63 million excess deaths, representing more than 80 million years of potential life lost over the [twenty two year] study period."

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2804822

Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost in the US Black Population

This study focuses on differences in mortality and years of potential life lost between Black and White populations to understand recent trends.

@ct_bergstrom This is a great article that also owes a great debt to this one — that, because of the time period covered, had to do extraordinary data work:

THE TOLL OF INEQUALITY
Excess African American Deaths in the United States over the Twentieth Century

Mary R. Jackman and Kimberlee A. Shauman

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/du-bois-review-social-science-research-on-race/article/abs/toll-of-inequality/9F0994F128271F21B04749C1E8D905C1

(It’s cited in passing in the one you posted but deserves more acknowledgement than that, in my opinion)