The technique appears to be universal and works the same way on multiple vehicles, across multiple brands. The only thing they need to have in common is the use of a smart key fob. Control of the attack is integrated into the vehicles that are affected. Since control occurs through the smart key and/or the stereo system a user could unknowingly initiate a spoofing attack on a nearby vehicle without any knowledge or intent to do so simply by using his or her own stereo normally.