If you ever need an LDAPFilter for an object with parentheses in the value, use \28 for ( and \29 for ):

Get-ADComputer -LDAPFilter '(&(operatingSystem=Windows 10*)(operatingSystemVersion=10.0 \2817134\29))'

This will match computers with version "10.0 (17134)" aka Windows 10, 1803.

Maybe this saves you some time some day!