I don't have the mental capacity to do a whole lot of socialing across all the different sites these days, so here's a list of greatest hits.

https://syfuhs.net/what-happens-when-you-type-your-password-into-windows

What Happens When you Type Your Password into Windows?

Have you ever wondered what happens behind the scenes when you type your password into the Windows logon screen and hit enter?

How Windows Single Sign-On Works

Have you ever wondered how Windows does Single Sign-on?

How Authentication Works when you use Remote Desktop

Have you ever wondered how authentication works for things like Remote Desktop?

Kerberos! A lot of kerberos. https://syfuhs.net/a-bit-about-kerberos
Kerberos Explained in a Little Too Much Detail

Kerberos is an authenticated key agreement protocol based on the Needham-Schroeder protocol. That's too complicated -- let's break it down a little.

Probably the most popular one: Disabling RC4 is a PITA FFS GDit https://syfuhs.net/lessons-in-disabling-rc4-in-active-directory
Lessons in Disabling RC4 in Active Directory

Customer lessons learned when disabling RC4 in Active Directory.

If you read all those without falling asleep or getting angry, check out all the other ridiculous things I've written about Windows auth: https://syfuhs.net/understanding-windows-auth
Understanding Windows Authentication

So, you want to understand all the fiddly bits about authentication in Windows?