Planets form quickly around M-dwarf stars, and risk having any water rapidly blasted away by the star's early strong irradiation—notes Keavin Moore #EdHW22—but a basal (subsurface) magma ocean could trap and save water, releasing it to the surface when it's a bit safer!

Planets forming further from their star could hold onto their primitive atmosphere of H/He, providing a heat blanket that could maintain habitability—says Marit Mol Lous #EdHW22—water-suitable temperatures might be maintainable for billions of years.

M-dwarfs seem to be bigger than theory suggests—explains Matthew Swayne #EdHW22—Precise observations of eclipsing binaries with CHEOPS suggests this is not related to metallicity, but that there may be trend with orbital period, where tighter binaries showing more inflation.

Live around Barnard's Star? You'd see a fluctuating radio signal from the Earth driven by mobile communication—says Mike Garret #EdHW22—that rise and fall as regions of the Earth rise and set on the horizon (e.g. a peak as Europe rises into view, followed by Japan setting.)

The Planetary Spectrum Generator (PSG) is a simulation tool for modelling atmospheric absorption—introduces Vincent Kofman #EdHW22—This is being used to develop realistic noise and planet models to determine what it would take to detect spectral features on an extrasolar Earth.