“For every year except three since 2004, the #biomass of the #sardine species #SardinopsSagax had fallen to 25% of its maximum abundance off the coast of western #SouthAfrica, the study found. The fish are a key food for African #penguins.”

<https://theguardian.com/environment/2025/dec/05/african-penguins-starve-to-death-south-africa-sardine-population-aoe>

60,000 African penguins starved to death after sardine numbers collapsed – study

Climate crisis and overfishing contributed to loss of 95% of penguins in two breeding colonies in South Africa, research finds

The Guardian