@404mediaco

Facts (I recommend you to check all these interesting facts in scientific revues, or in articles explicitly related to a scientific revue one):

0- The ~3,000 Neandertal small tribes (20-35 individuals) were scattered Westward on the Euro-Asian continent, up to the East of the Caspian sea (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal), and his "cousin" of the time, Denisovian, were scattered the same way & latitudes Eastward, up to China & Japan (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan) while Sapiens populations came by waves from South Africa, Sub-Saharian Africa (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory).

1- X Neandertal chromosome is "full" of Sapiens genes
2- X Sapiens chromosome is "empty" of Neandertalian genes
(see https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-08682-9 ; https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9741939/ ; etc.)

3- Neandertal Y chromosome has been replaced by the Sapiens Y one something like 200-350 kilo-years (ky) ago. (see https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4833433/ ; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27058445/ ; etc.)

4- Nearly all other chromosome wear genus from Neanderthalians and.or Denisovans today.There have been 2 major genes flows (introgressions) between the two Neandertal & Sapiens species:
* S -> N, 200-350 ky ago,
* N -> S 100-50 ky ago.
(see https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)01315-5)

5- Neandertal is considered as extinct since 35-40 ky ago.
(see https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-22376-6 ; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-57490-4 ; https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6541251/; etc.)

6- There has been a pacific mixed civilization with N,S, and NS hybrids at least from 130 to 80 ky far from today, aka a stable & peacefull mixed civilization lasting 50 ky, which is 17 times the extent of the Pharaos's civilization, 17 times !
(source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02110-y ; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40069367/ ; etc.)

7- The oldest known true & long war was among sapiens populations only, near by 13,400 -13,700 years ago, aka "few millenia" before the Neolithic era, the agriculture discovery. It may have been induced by the climate change of this time which triggered several battles during about a century, until the change calms down (see https://www.sciencenews.org/article/hunter-gatherers-warfare-stone-age-jebel-sahaba ; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89386-y ; etc.), This happened nearly 30 Ky after the last Neandertal died, and lasted after several generations.

With all that in mind, it seems clear that Sapiens migrations in Eurasia slowly outnumbered Neanderthals & Denisovans, and that Sapiens did not kill them on purpose: there were good fellows, friends, brothers, they often mated and lived together, may be because they had more experience + adaptation to their climate than Sapiens, us, the new incommer.

Then, the most probable hypothesis for the extinction of our cousins are:

1- Ethological bias: Neandertalian men preferred to mate with Sapiens women, or the reverse.
2- Natural selection: Neandertalian genus on the X Sapiens chromosome were not viable, either because they had letal flaws, or spaying ones.
3- Gradual absorption: Neandertalians went diluted in Sapiens populations, more numerous, then made hybrids who were less efficient to reproduce than both genuine species (like often with hybrids).
4- Social structure difference: Neandertal males were more prone to seek a woman far from their native group (to avoid consanguinity: allopatry) when Sapiens women were incorporated in Neandertal groups where their X was stronger than the Neandertal one, giving more viable births. The result being a lot of hybrids less fertile, and less pure Neandertalians couples.

None of these hypothesis is exclusive. The combination of (4) + (3) seems today to be the most plausible, and not (1): Sapiens killed Neandertal by love, because Neandertal was less efficient to reproduce than Sapiens, and that's all.

Strong "edge effect": all H. sapiens are hybrids of H. neanderthalensis, and the most hybridized ones are the Indoeuropean, Arabs included & along with Aryans, this up to Japan & Oceania included too. The less Neandertal-contaminated Sapiens breeds are the South-African ones, the blacks, whose ancestors never saw any Neandertal.

=> The pure race Sapiens is Black, Mr Trump.

#science #Humans #archeology #neandertal #sapiens #denisova