#FindsFriday #FerrousFriday #Celtic: `The banquet service features utensils whose quality reflects the prestige of their owner. The centrepiece is the yew-wood bucket, whose embossed hoops and solid handle fittings often display intricate decoration. The large serving ladles are adorned with bovine heads featuring prominent horns.`
Source: Le musée de Bibracte

#FindsFriday #Celtic #FerrousFriday: `Analysis of seeds, nuts, and other remnants from the bottom of bowls and pots can tell us a lot about agriculture. We know that late #IronAge farmers practiced mixed farming, growing both cereals and pulses. Fruit was not yet cultivated and, as a result of a lack of identifiable remains, it is not possible to ascertain the scale of vegetable cultivation.`
Source: Le musée de Bibracte

#FindsFriday #Celtic #FerrousFriday: `Certain elements of Gallic farming techniques had already impressed the Greeks and Romans. During the Gallic War, Caesar had noted the permanent abundance of cereals and fodder, which impressed, as such large harvests must be the result of a sophisticated agricultural system. From a practical viewpoint, the Gauls developed original techniques and perfected various essential tools, greatly admired by Roman agronomists, such as scythes, ploughshares, and soil enrichment techniques. These demonstrated revolutionary farming methods, which had an enormous impact on agriculture as well as on shaping the physical landscape.`
Source: Le musée de Bibracte

#FindsFriday #Celtic #FerrousFriday: `Boiling was a very important cooking technique, as demonstrated by the large number of cooking pots which have been discovered. Gruels, stews and thick soups were the basis of everyday cooking. These were prepared using cereals (which could be grilled, crushed or milled into flour beforehand) as well as pulses such as lentils, peas or beans.
Meat was cooked in cauldrons made of thin sheet-bronze, using large forks with curved prons to protect the metal. Grills and pits were also used, at least on special occasions. Spit-roast boar was not a common sight on the Gallic table, however; meat from hunted animals was eaten extremely rarely.`
Source: Le musée de Bibracte

#FindsFriday #Celtic #FerrousFriday: `Iron production is very energy intensive, and the challenge, therefore, is to manage the various steps involved as efficiently as possible, to minimise the energy used in the production process. In the past, it made sense to process iron-ore at the extraction site, to avoid having to transport both ore and fuel. Using forges to create useable items was the job of skilled artisans, and the location of their workshops was based on different priorities. They were often located in villages or towns, as close as possible to markets and the centre of power. For this reason, there were a large number of forges based in the oppidum of Bibracte.`
Source: Le musée de Bibracte

#FindsFriday #FerrousFriday: Ritually bent sword and spearhead, sword chain, fibula (iron and bronze) from a grave of a #Celtic warrior in Grabelsdorf, Carinthia, 250 BCE

#FindsFriday #FerrousFriday: `The Filottrano helmet is a valuable archaeological find from the #Celtic period (4th–3rd century BC), discovered in the necropolis of Santa Paolina in Filottrano (AN). It is a Montefortino-type helmet, unique for its four-armed iron crest and movable cheek guards. The artefact, associated with the Senones Gauls, is housed in the National Archaeological Museum of the Marche.
Source: https://archeologiagalliacisalpina.wordpress.com/category/celti/
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#FindsFriday #FerrousFriday: `The ceremonial helmet discovered in Canosa di Puglia is made of iron with a plant motif inlaid with coral (for inlaid coral motifs, see also https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/15760923), created using repoussé on bronze plates fixed to the crown. It features two small plume-holder tubes on the sides and fixing rings on the knob for a crest. The cheek guards have not been found. The iron shell is forged from a single piece, which suggests it is a 4th-century BC artefact representing a hybrid of Celtic and Italic traditions. Its place of discovery, an Italic hypogeum, reinforces this idea of hybridisation.`
Source: https://archeologiagalliacisalpina.wordpress.com/category/celti/
Here’s more on this: https://hear-me.social/@NeuKelte/116420416082312660

#FindsFriday #FerrousFriday: `Metallographic analysis of the helmets, carried out in the RGZM laboratories, revealed ironworking techniques involving cold forming followed by annealing, which are characteristic of #Celtic metallurgy and were superior to the bronze casting technologies used for Etruscan-Italic helmets. This technical superiority explains the gradual adoption of Celtic models by the Italic peoples and their subsequent incorporation into the equipment of the Roman Republic.`
Source: https://archeologiagalliacisalpina.wordpress.com/category/celti/
Here’s more on this: https://hear-me.social/@NeuKelte/116419940415331291

#FindsFriday #FerrousFriday: `Marta Mazzoli’s study on the morphological evolution of helmets on the Italian peninsula between the 4th and 1st centuries BC documents a complex process of technological and stylistic interaction between #Celtic and Etruscan-Italic traditions. The initial clear distinction between bronze helmets of the Etruscan tradition (the ‘Negau’ and archaic ‘Montefortino’ types) and Celtic iron helmets (the ‘Berru’ and ‘Ciumești’ types) gradually tends to fade through processes of typological hybridisation.
The ‘Montefortino’ type, initially produced in bronze by the Etruscans, was gradually also made in iron using Celtic techniques, whilst incorporating Celtic morphological features such as the expanded nape guard and articulated cheek guards. This process culminated in the development of standardised forms that would be adopted by the Roman Republican army, forming the core of the protective equipment of the manipular legion.
Metallographic analysis of selected specimens has revealed the gradual adoption of ironworking techniques derived from Celtic metallurgy, which were considered superior to bronze casting in terms of mechanical strength and shock absorption. This technological superiority, likely combined with economic considerations (the lower cost of iron compared to bronze), led to the transition from bronze to iron in the production of defensive weaponry, a process completed during the 3rd century BC.
Source: https://archeologiagalliacisalpina.wordpress.com/category/celti/