How does the explicit treatment of convection alter the precipitation–soil hydrology interaction in the mid-Holocene African humid period?

Abstract. Global climate models with coarse horizontal resolution are largely unable to reproduce the monsoonal precipitation pattern over North Africa during the mid-Holocene. Here we present the first regional, storm-resolving simulations with an idealized but reasonable mid-Holocene vegetation cover. In these simulations, the West African monsoon expands farther north by about 4–5∘, and the precipitation gradient between the Guinea coast and the Sahara decreases compared to simulations with a barren Sahara as it is today. The northward shift of monsoonal precipitation is caused by land surface–atmosphere interaction, i.e., the coupling of soil moisture and precipitation, as well as interactions of the land surface with the large-scale monsoon circulation (e.g., the African easterly jet). The response of the monsoon circulation to an increased vegetation cover is qualitatively similar but more pronounced in parameterized convection simulations. We attribute the differences in monsoonal precipitation to differences in soil moisture that are strongly controlled by runoff and precipitation characteristics. If precipitation is intense and falls over a spatially small region, as in our storm-resolving simulations, about 35 % of all precipitation water goes into runoff instead of filling soil moisture storage. In contrast, in light and spatially more homogeneous precipitation, as produced in our parameterized convection simulations, only some 20 % leaves the grid cell as runoff. Therefore, much more water is available to maintain high soil moisture content. We confirm the significant role of soil moisture and runoff by performing simulations with the same constant soil moisture field in both storm-resolving and parameterized convection simulations. These constant soil moisture simulations cancel the effect of lower soil moisture on the land–atmosphere feedback cycle in our storm-resolving simulations. We show that precipitation strongly increases in the storm-resolving simulations, especially in moisture-controlled regions, such as the northern Sahel and Sahara, and reaches equally high values as in parameterized convection simulations. Our study highlights how the type of rainfall (e.g., local and intense or widespread and light) impacts soil moisture and thus land–atmosphere feedbacks. This is contrary to many studies that focus mainly on the amount of rainfall and how it modifies land–atmosphere feedbacks. Moreover, this study suggests that comprehensive land-surface schemes, which appropriately respond to varying precipitation characteristics, are needed for studying land surface–atmosphere interaction.