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#browsers #poll #browserPoll #compartmentalization #compartments #Safari #SafariBrowser #Firefox #Librewolf #Chrome #Vivaldi #VivaldiBrowser #Edge #EdgeBrowser #ungoogledChromium #ungoogled #Chromium #Brave #BraveBrowser

“For nearly a thousand years, communities on the Indian subcontinent had coexisted in a cultural melting where religious identity was less salient than ethnic or linguistic identity. “A hybrid Indo-Islamic civilization emerged,” according to the historian of India William Dalrymple. “In the nineteenth century, India was still a place where traditions, languages, and cultures cut across religious groupings, and where people did not define themselves primarily through their religious faith.” Much as communities had negotiated means of coexistence in pre-Mandate Palestine only to see them unravel during British rule, the subcontinent’s communal arrangements corroded when the full weight of Britain’s colonial state bore down on them. The Raj’s divide and rule policies produced a chemical-like reaction, shattering long-standing traditions of coexistence and interacting with local personalities who had their own ambitions, passions, and allegiances. It was another liberal experiment in empire gone horribly wrong, and on a scale so epic that once history’s chain of contingent events combusted, no one could contain it.”

Excerpt from Caroline Elkins' #book, "Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire"

@bookstodon hat-tip @markvonwahlde

#liberalism #castism #raceMaking #hindouism #beliefs #violence #brutalization #ethnic #religion #islamophobia #IndianSubcontinent #India #Pakistan #Bangladesh #colonialism #British #preBritish #BritishEmpire #BritishRule #bookStodon #CarolineElkins

A review of Clia Izoard's book: https://archive.is/r3Def#selection-393.0-393.25

"Locally, the process of radicalization of industrial #mining is detailed through the prism of its social ravages. The mine is above all a gigantic uprooting machine (p. 54), which empties spaces by expropriating the last peoples of the plant. In addition, contemporary mining exposes populations to various diseases and poisoning. In the Bou-Azzer mine in Morocco, we extract responsible cobalt for electric cars; miners and local residents suffer from cancers and neurological and cardiovascular diseases.
"The overall scale of mining sector predation in XXIe century is also outlined through the growing production of waste and pollution. The mining sector is the most polluting industry in the world. For example, an industrial copper mine produces 99.6% waste. Stored near mining pits, the waste rocks, gigantic volumes of extracted rock, generate sulfur releases which drain the heavy metals contained in the rocks and make them migrate towards waterways. Factory pipes constantly spew toxic residues which can, depending on the ore processed, consist of cyanide, acids, hydrocarbons, soda, or known poisons such as lead, arsenic, mercury, etc. Finally, zero-carbon mines are pipe dreams because they are all very energy-intensive. The amount needed to extract, crush, process and refine metals represents approximately 8 to 10% of the total energy consumed worldwide, making the mining industry a major culprit in climate change."

#environment #ecology #mining #mines #extraction #extractivism #metals #transition #energyTransition #ecologicalTransition #ecologicalDebt #lithium #cobalt #digital #digitization #smartphone #iPhone #Android #electric #electricTransition #electricCars #industry #criticalTheory #technoCriticism #capitalism #technology #technique #sovereignty #supply #supplyChain #rawMaterials #commodities #development #exploitation #policy #pollution #NIMBY #CéliaIzoard #nickel #copper #book