A secret diplomatic letter written in 1498 once carried sensitive intelligence about England & Scotland to the Spanish court. More than five centuries later, historians from the University of Toronto have decoded its cipher and produced the most accurate version of the text yet.
Cryptographers, take note, we need to re-introduce non-injective permutations! </joke>
"Ayala sometimes used multiple symbols for the same letter, making the text even more difficult to decode.”
https://www.medievalists.net/2026/04/secret-letter-detailing-late-medieval-britain-fully-decoded/