
Ammonia/Nitrate Analyzers are based on the principle of diffusion across a gas diffusion membrane coupled with electrical conductivity measurement as first described by Carlson. The pump directs the sample, caustic, and absorbing solutions into the Membrane Diffusion Cell. Within the cell, the sample is mixed with a caustic solution. The resulting solution has a pH sufficiently high to convert virtually all of the ammonium ion present in the sample to dissolved ammonia gas, as shown in below equation. The sample/caustic solution flows past one side of a membrane that is permeable to gases but not to liquids or ionic species.

APPLICATION IN SCADA The technology used in HART is very useful for SCADA applications. Since HART supports digital process values, it can be applied in SCADA. Various status parameters of PVs obtained from HART measurements can be used to schedule field trips for preventive maintenance. This would result in less downtime and less employment of manpower. SCADA applications require updating field data in minutes. Since data updating using HART requires only a fraction of a second, it can very safely be applied in SCADA applications. Other application areas where HART can be applied in SCADA are inventory management, automated meter

The true accuracy of a pressure gauge under operating conditions can be difficult to determine, in part because manufacturers’ specifications are often very confusing. One of the major differences between brand names is whether they offer “% of reading” vs. “% of full scale (FS)” accuracy. For example, a 100 psi gauge with 0.1 % of FS accuracy would be accurate to ± 0.1 psi across its entire range. By convention, a gauge specified as 0.1% accuracy is implied to be 0.1% FS. When manufacturers define their accuracy as “% of reading”, they are describing the accuracy as a percentage