Microbes adapt to entirely new habitats—such as migrating from soil to freshwater lakes—by utilizing two divergent evolutionary pathways: expanding their genome to acquire new functional traits, or drastically reducing their genome to minimize resource dependency.
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https://www.sflorg.com/2026/04/ebio04142601.html
How Soil Microbes Adapt to Life in Lakes

How do bacteria manage to conquer new environments? “This question remains largely unanswered