• haproxy: has traffic shaping, proxy, fastcgi. no sws; have to proxy one. which?
  • lighttpd: small, sendfile(), correct webdav. can do reverse proxy itself, makes haproxy redundant? can i plug in iocaine?
  • nginx: i quit it because it was segfaulting when i tried to configure too many features. but if i'm only using it for static files maybe it's ok
  • static-web-server: i like rust. don't like a copy paste chunk of toml per configured domain

• caddy: proxy, fastcgi, builtin static fileserver, traffic shaping requires a module that doesn't do quite what i want. getting tired of guessing my way around caddyfile syntax. don't need its magic certificate management.
  • use 'tc' for traffic shaping? big learning curve
  • front it with haproxy? lots of redundant features, feels heavy

dang i gotta draw up a feature matrix or something

it's pretty weird that it took me this long to actually do but

tonight i have set up for the first time a program running on a computer inside my home, that people may access like a normal website, without learning my cable modem's ip address in the process, and if someone starts ddosing me i can just unplug and let the household continue watching videos unaware

(i'm having my @colocataires vps proxy traffic through a tailscale vpn to my closet fileserver)

safe(r) home-hosting by reverse proxy from a little computer in a datacenter is one of those things that seems like complex esoteric engineering from afar

but once you've experienced it, and then again when you've set it up yourself, all of a sudden it makes sense and is totally normal and a whole mess of possibilities for what you can cheaply and casually build on the internet blasts wide open

like the first time you experience nerd astral projection

llm scrapers ignoring my robots.txt and pounding on my small website 28 times per second, 24/7. 600kbps of my available bandwidth wasted just on markov trash

it's easy to imagine how they'll ddos any service that does a bit of compute on each request

it's not super exciting but if you're the kind of weirdo who wants to look at my vm's gauges, they are viewable here:

https://telemetry.orbital.rodeo/

i have been cobbling it together using collectd, rrdtool, and scripts instead of the far more reasonable and popular prometheus / grafana combo. because it might be more lightweight? haven't measured

for now it updates only when i run the command, so don't sit there wondering

no light mode or explanatory text (yet) soz

oof, it's somewhat heavy though. went from about 3% avg cpu use to about 6%

the throttling that haproxy does just gets buffered up by caddy in front of it and the result is a long initial delay before a fast transmission of data. like latency

which could probably be implemented more simply with a sleep statement somewhere

i wonder what other strategies i can use to slow down crawlers. thinking random connection drops or http errors 429, 402, and 451

problem: once detected, how best to slap back at ai scrapers? return poison quickly? tarpit? throttled poison drip? drop their ip's packets at the firewall?

idea: drop packets during business hours to free up bandwidth for legit visitors; fast poison otherwise to collect ip addresses for next day's ip ban. "party all night sleep all day" strategy

lots of bot traffic hitting port 80 (http) on my vm just to get redirected to port 443 (https) where they get a "go away, bot" error

who am i keeping port 80 open for?

who types in "orbital.rodeo," lands on http, and doesn't know to or can't try https instead?

many people use hsts and abandon 80

caddy auto-magically puts a redirect on 80 for my sites but i'm increasingly annoyed by its magic. wanna go back to haproxy

think i'll shut it

oh, whoopsie

if an ipv4->ipv6 proxy is telling my webserver the clients' ipv4 addresses using proxy protocol, blocking those ipv4 addresses at the webserver firewall isn't going to do much 🤦

i have a v4 address now, i was just lazy about reconfiguring dns to send v4 web traffic direct to my vm instead of through the v4-v6 proxy. time to get on that

🤔 i wonder how many innocents i'll accidentally shut out if i adopt a policy of, "any /24 prefix with 3 or more scrapers within it dooms the lot"?

🤔 i could set up a "pls let me back in" automation. tell me my biceps are eleven out of ten in this web-form and you get added to an inclusion list that takes effect before the block list

i could implement both of those defense mechanisms

reduce bookkeeping on my part by being a bit overeager about blocking whole prefixes instead of individual ip addresses

definitely want to do something like @alex's butlerian jihad where i block all networks from any ASN abusing my sites

but also, have a cooldown that sends traffic from blocked prefixes to a "let me back in" form that allowlists individual addresses

haha oops i accidentally banned my own ip. fixed it but guessing i'll have to flush the ban lists and rebuild in case i caught any more i shouldn't have

one super nice thing i'm doing this time around is using a wireguard-based vpn for all my ssh'ing. so even when i blocked my own ip address my ssh session was unaffected and i could fix it. and zero log spam from vulnerability scanners constantly trying the door 😌

i want to block any requests from google and facebook; also i want to block any isp who would tolerate scrapers

the database of ip range ("prefix") assignments is downloadable but it's big. 590 entries just for as32934 (facebook). too big to just dump into the firewall

but there's often nothing between multiple records for any given asn. maybe i could treat that as a single range, which would let me express the set of ranges to block more concisely 🤔

too big to just dump into the firewall

whoopsie, that was a wrong assumption on my part based on a bad time i had with way too many iptables firewall rules created by fail2ban many years ago

these days i'm using nftables and its set structure to hold ip addresses, which uses radix trees just like the routing tables do, and you can dump addresses in there all day long, it will manage merging them into ranges and auto expiring them if you want, works great

so upthread i was surprised that you can just shovel truckloads of ip addresses into nftables' "set" structure, for blockin' purposes

but i want to do stuff like detect if several addresses within some autonomous system's range are coordinating for shenanigans, and block the whole damn asn

this example, on the nftables wiki itself, loads a whole ass maxmind geoip db into nftables' "map" structure and my first reaction was "surely not"

https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/GeoIP_matching

woah cool i just learned about the nftables feature concatenations

i'm already 🤩 about nftables' very fast sets and maps but today i learned that you can store essentially tuples of data in them

which in some cases can let you test multiple conditions at once, replacing multiple rules with a fast set-membership check

about 1.5 days after asking iocaine to not just poison but also block ai scrapers masquerading as browsers, i have about 36000 ip addresses blocked at the firewall

this is for a site that is not advertised anywhere, disliked by search engines, and contains maybe 10 blog posts that rarely change. AND which preemptively blocks several whole gafam corporate ASNs so not even counting them

so i expect more popular sites are seeing many multiples of this traffic

anyway, thinking again about how to analyze this ever growing set of blocked ai scraper addresses, most of which are probably "residential ips."

calculate for each asn the percentage of its ip range that i've blocked, and above a certain threshold block the whole range? (that would be more efficient than recording every single bad address)

ideas contd.:

have an unblocked subdomain where a legit user of a blocked ip might fill out a form and click a "let me back in" button to get onto an allow-list

double extra forever-ban anybody that uses the "get me back in" button then starts snarfing down poison again

also, at some point, i want to bring iocaine to work. i'm on easy mode now because idgaf about my site's visibility to search engines

but what to do when boss requests that when customers ask their ai bullshit to order from our website on their behalf, maybe i shouldn't reply with an HTTP redirect into the fucking sun with gigabytes of foul invective zip bomb for the response body

ideas contd.:

live-updated status page listing all the ip addresses i've blocked, in nice formats for easy import into firewalls, tools for consuming and contributing to said databases

serious looking landing page for blocked addresses "your ip address is sending malicious traffic to this domain and has been reported. check for compromise immediately."

live-updated ASN leaderboard naming and shaming those with the most ip addresses used by ai scrapers

ideas contd.:

undo my mild mitigation against syn flood, crank the synack retries back up, and collect the ip addresses guilty of doing it. for blocking

✅ make caddy 'abort' the connection after one ioproxy poison reply, which closes the socket and blocks ip addresses faster

ideas contd.:

i'm extremely doubtful that most isps will give any shits at all about complaints that llm bots are using their network to destroy websites

i was thinking upthread about an error message to show to legit users of residential ips who get blocked from services; showing them a scolding message like "your ip has been sending malicious traffic"

but maybe more effective will be to direct them, with contact info, to their own isp's abuse line

ideas cont'd.:

poison url generator that encodes the spider's address, so when the headless browsers on residential ips begin scraping them we know which big tech cos are buying access to residential ip address proxies to disguise themselves

there are so many! 133k addresses in my firewall now. starting to wonder if maybe ip blocklists are untenable and i need a blocked-by-default-policy with a request-access mechanism instead

i've got iocaine set to block only new connections when an ip requests a poison page. that keeps their ip from returning, but doesn't kick them off my server immediately

i tried adding an abort to the end of iocaine's handle_response block in caddy, (and rebooted)

i think what i'm seeing now is scrapers successfully getting kicked out at the first request, but their sockets now get stuck in fin-wait-1 state until they time out

sudo sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries=1 clears out those FIN-WAIT-1 sockets nice and quick 😎

i wonder what the downsides are. if any. maybe those retries are useful on shittier connections but this is a vps in a datacenter not a mobile phone on a subway car

isps that support ipv6 typically allocate for each of their customers a /64

therefore,

if i'm going to block a scraper's ipv6 address at the firewall, probably safe to block their whole /64

right?

hell yeah, iocaine with firewalling 💥

usually ai llm scraper traffic starts and stops abruptly; this gradual fall-off conforms to my expectation of what should happen over time as each ip address used to scrape gets blocked

also nice: cpu overhead is about 1% with 120k blocks so far. memory requirement is tiny (proportional to poison training corpus)

a nice quiet environment is the perfect place to host some prose and programs, and this motivates me to do so again!

accomplishment: got most of my web thingies, still protected by iocaine, back under haproxy instead of caddy, like i wanted

scraper bot traffic to my sites remains nice and low. i have only 130k addresses blocked which isn't the high water mark so i think they must also have backed off of my ip a bit

they'll probably be back once i start updating the sites and reopen the poison maze to the big tech corpo network crawlers

ideas cont'd:

blocking millions of ip addresses used by ai scrapers feels good, but how sure am i that it is effective? maybe the scrapers make each request with the least-recently-used stolen ip that they have access to and my blocklist won't be effective until they loop around

to examine this maybe i can accept everything for 30 seconds to examine the spike, if any, in bots served during that time. don't worry, blocked or not, they receive only markov trash

idea implemented: stuck a counter on iocaine's firewall rule banning ips that request poisoned urls, and graphed it

now i can quantify how effective firewalling is:

at the moment, with less than a million ips blocked, it is shielding me from about 75% of the wave of bots (the rest get served poison and added to the block list)

and that doesn't even include attempts from corpo networks to run their crawlers! i should graph that too

love to see it

uh oh. what if my graph of successfully blocked requests is just bots that keep trying at the moment iocaine blocks them?

then, i'm not actually avoiding 75% of bot traffic and iocaine's firewall feature isn't doing much

well, i can test this: copy the blocked ips to another set that takes effect before the one that iocaine is actively updating

if iocaine's firewall is working as intended, i should see the number that reach my graph decrease, at least a little:

occasionally i pull the caddy request logs down to my local machine for analysis

wow, the past 7 days' worth is up to 3 gigabytes. of just logs

which seems like a lot but i get nowhere near the amount of traffic other sites do