I love Robert Rosen as a teacher of math. The text below shows the analogy of formal systems to natural systems to the point that "empiricism in math" becomes a meaningful statement.

The text, by the way, extends to text as a formal system (e.g., a dictionary or an ... LLM) and what we can know about the truth value of any proposition derived from it.
#RobertRosen #AI #math

Rosen, Robert. "Anticipatory systems." New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. 313-370.