https://archive.org/details/315844-7m-ao-eimq

picrew avatar

Topics
#picrew, #picrewme

https://archive.org/details/upperslavecoastanloewe

Gender, Ethnicity, and Social Change on the Upper Slave Coast: A History of the Anlo-Ewe by Sandra E. Greene

Topics
#gender, #ethnicity, #socialchange, #slavecoast, #upperslavecoast, #AnloEwe, #Ghana, #Ewe, #Anlo, #slavetrade, #women, #gender, #patriarchy, #landownership, #slavery, #blackchattelslavery

an entry in the series Social History of Africa

https://archive.org/details/louisianaplantations

Old Louisiana Plantation Homes and Family Trees by Herman de Bachellé Seebold

Topics
#louisiana, #plantations, #genealogy, #slavery, #whitesupremacy, #blackchattelslavery, #aristocracy, #britisharistocrats, #frencharistocrats, #unitedstatesofamerika

both volumes.

https://archive.org/details/maryamabukhaled

Maryam Abu Khaled on antiblackness in Palestine by Maryam Abu Khaled

Topics
#Palestine, #antiblackness, #MaryamAbuKhaled, #racism

Maryam Abu Khaled is an actress and satirist from Jenin. in this video, she responds to people who are offended by her comparisons of racial oppression in the united states to the same in the arab world by discussing her experiences with antiblackness from her fellow Palestinians.

originally posted to instagram. rough english translation available on twitter

https://archive.org/details/revolution-begins-when-amerika-is-declared-illegitimate

REVOLUTION BEGINS WHEN AMERIKA IS DECLARED ILLEGITIMATE by @OankaliHoe

Topics
#agitprop, #GeorgeFloydprotests, #losangeles, #FTP, #ACAB, #burningpolicecar, #unitedstatesofamerika, #revolution, #fire, #flames, #insurrection, #urbaninsurrection, #protest, #riot, #uprising, #агитпроп, #slaverevolt, #california

source: twitter account @OankaliHoe

https://archive.org/details/oldkbpreconstruct

2013-2018 u.s. police killings data

Topics
#KilledByPolice, #killedbypolicenet, #statistics, #genocide, #unitedstatesofamerika, #antiblackness, #ACAB, #FTP, #antiblackracism, #fascism, #police, #policing, #slavepatrols, #21stcentury, #executions

this is a re-presentation of data on killedbypolice.net, a site which recorded incidents of police killing people in the 50 states of the united states of amerika. for the time period covered (1 may 2013 - 31 july 2018), this is a more exhaustive dataset than many in use today. (the current owner of the domain killedbypolice.net is an entirely different entity than that which maintained the website during the period covered by this dataset.)

* column key
G=Gun; T=Taser; R=Restraint/Physical Force; C=Chemical; V=Vehicle; O=Other

data source pages
2013: https://archive.vn/I8Skq
2014: https://archive.vn/1FeQT
2015: https://archive.vn/1Y32s
2016: https://archive.vn/h2qBK
2017: https://archive.vn/GB46F
2018: https://archive.vn/gbhOM

https://archive.org/details/settlersmemes

Settlers: Memes of the White “Proletariat”

Topics
#SettlersTheMythologyoftheWhiteProletariat, #memes, #unitedstatesofamerika, #JSakai, #whitesupremacy, #genocide, #lynchings, #lynchmobs, #xenophobia, #imperialism, #history, #classcollaboration, #antiblackracism, #settlercolonialism, #slavercolonialism, #slavercolonizers, #socialchauvinism

a collection of memes based on an early edition cover of Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat which elaborate the book's thesis.

https://archive.org/details/samoramachelspeechesandwritings

Samora Machel: An African Revolutionary | Selected Speeches and Writings by Samora Moisés Machel; Barry Munslow; Michael Wolfers

Topics
#Mozambique, #SamoraMachel, #portuguesecolonialism, #Moçambique, #Mozambiki, #Msumbiji, #Muzambhiki, #guerrillawarfare, #neocolonialism, #Africa, #southernafrica, #anticolonialism, #FRELIMO, #FrentedeLibertaçãodeMoçambique, #peopleswar, #marxism

“Leader of Frelimo following Eduardo Mondlane's assassination in 1969, Machel was the architect of the guerrilla struggle against Portuguese colonial rule.”

https://archive.org/details/martihaiti

El impacto de la Revolución Haitiana en el pensamiento político de José Martí by Armanda Lea Lewis

Topics
#JoséMartí, #Haiti, #Cuba, #HaitianRevolution, #laRevoluciónHaitiana, #Caribbean, #elCaribe, #latinamerica, #américalatina, #antiblackness, #Haití

Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the role of the Haitian Revolution in helping to shape Jose Marti's writings on the social, political and economic conditions in Cuba during its wars of independence. The first chapter examines some of the similarities and differences between these two events (the Haitian Revolution and Cuba's independence wars) and the impact of the Haitian Revolution on Cuba during its wars of independence. The second chapter analyzes some of Marti's political essays and shows how Marti, throughout his works, mentions Haiti as an example not to be emulated. He stresses his desire for Cuba not to become another Haiti and proposes ways for Cuba to avoid the fate of Haiti. The final chapter studies Cuba's political, economic and social environment in the years following Marti's death and establishes whether or not Cuba did indeed accomplish Marti's wish of Cuban independence.

https://archive.org/details/whofundsbyp100

Black Youth Project / BYP100 financial backers

Topics #BlackYouthProject, #BYP100, #neocolonialism, #unitedstatesofamerika, #nonprofitindustrialcomplex, #NPIC, #imperialism, #capitalism, #philanthropy, #staterepression, #501c3, #BlackLivesMatter, #foundations, #liberaldemocracy, #bougeoisie, #liberalism, #progressivism, #BlackYouthProject100NFP, #BYP100EducationFund, #WomenDonorsNetwork, #AstraeaFoundation, #AstraeaLesbianFoundationForJustice, #RudolfSteinerFoundation, #MacArthurFoundation, #MsFoundationforWomen, #ChicagoFoundationforWomen, #QuixoteFoundation, #BorealisPhilanthropy, #AmericanFederationofLaborandCongressofIndustrialOrganizations, #AFLCIO, #BenjaminFund, #controlledopposition, #counterrevolution, #counterinsurgency

this item includes IRS Forms 990 for Black Youth Project (BYP100) & some organizations that have provided funding to BYP. currently included are:

Black Youth Project 100 NFP (2015-2018)
BYP100 Education Fund (2016-2017)
Women Donors Network (2016)
The Astraea Foundation Inc. (2017)
Rudolf Steiner Foundation Inc. (2015-2016)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Consolidated (2016-2018)
Ms. Foundation for Women (2017)
Chicago Foundation for Women (2015)
Quixote Foundation Inc. (2017)
Borealis Philanthropy (2015-2018)
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (2014)
The Benjamin Fund Inc. (2016)

https://archive.org/details/assatashakurtolbertsmall

Assata Shakur visited in Cuba by Tolbert Jones Small & family

Topics
#AssataShakur, #TolbertJonesSmall, #Cuba, #Havana, #photography, #SierraWald, #AnolaPriceSmall, #AssataOlugbalaShakur, #AyannaLathan, #JacoboSmall

sources and descriptions: bert interviews assata.jpg, bert and assata2.jpg, bertskids3.jpg

https://archive.org/details/slavecoastofwestafrica

The slave coast of West Africa, 1550-1750: the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on an African society by Robin Law

Topics
#slavecoast, #slavetrade, #slavery, #blackchattelslavery, #history, #Ghana, #Togo, #Benin, #Nigeria, #Akwamu, #Adangme, #Krepi, #Peki, #Oyo, #Weme, #Mahi, #Yoruba, #WestAfrica

reprint of original 1991 publication in the series Oxford Studies in African Affairs

https://archive.org/details/azaniacombat

Azania Combat: Official Organ of the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) by Azanian People's Liberation Army

Topics
#Azania, #SouthAfrica, #antiapartheid, #armedstruggle, #guerrillawarfare, #AzaniaCombat, #AzaniaCommando, #AzanianPeoplesLiberationArmy, #APLA, #PanAfricanistCongressofAzania, #PanAfricanistCongress, #PAC

includes issues of both Azania Combat: Official Organ of the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) and Azania Commando: PAC army in action, Supplement of Azania Combat.

https://archive.org/details/geboortenenoverlijdenvanslaven

GEBOORTEN EN OVERLIJDEN VAN SLAVEN | REGISTER VAN INSCHRYVING DER VRY TE MAKENE SLAVEN OP ARUBA

Topics
#Aruba, #blackchattelslavery, #ArchivoNacionaldiAruba, #esclavonan, #slavernij, #slavery, #Caribbean, #dutchcolonialism, #demographics

https://archive.org/details/essierobeson

Eslanda: The Large and Unconventional Life of Mrs. Paul Robeson by Barbara Ransby

Topics
#EslandaCardozoGoodeRobeson, #EssieRobeson, #EslandaRobeson, #biography, #Africa, #unitedstatesofamerika, #anticolonialism, #anthropologists, #journalists, #anticommunism, #HarlemRenaissance, #SouthAfrica, #Uganda, #Congo, #internationalism

“Eslanda "Essie" Cardozo Goode Robeson lived a colorful and amazing life. Her career and commitments took her many places: colonial Africa in 1936, the front lines of the Spanish Civil War, the founding meeting of the United Nations, Nazi-occupied Berlin, Stalin's Russia, and China two months after Mao's revolution. She was a woman of unusual accomplishment—an anthropologist, a prolific journalist, a tireless advocate of women's rights, an outspoken anti-colonial and antiracist activist, and an internationally sought-after speaker. Yet historians for the most part have confined Essie to the role of Mrs. Paul Robeson, a wife hidden in the large shadow cast by her famous husband. In this masterful book, biographer Barbara Ransby refocuses attention on Essie, one of the most important and fascinating black women of the twentieth century.

https://archive.org/details/soniavazborges

Book Launch: Militant Education With Sónia Vaz Borges by The People's Forum

Topics
#SóniaVazBorges, #politicaleducation, #PAIGC, #GuineaBissau, #GuineaBissau, #CapeVerde, #CaboVerde, #portugal, #portuguesecolonialism, #anticolonialism, #booklaunch, #Africa, #education, #revolution, #PartidoAfricanoparaaIndependênciadaGuinéeCaboVerde, #WestAfrica

book launch for Militant Education, Liberation Struggle, Consciousness: The PAIGC education in Guinea Bissau 1963-1978 by Sónia Vaz Borges. reproduced from here, event page here.

https://archive.org/details/fordfellows

Directory of Ford Foundation Fellows, 1980-2020 by National Academy of Sciences

Topics
#FordFellows, #FordFoundationFellows, #FordFoundation, #unitedstatesofamerika, #nonprofitindustrialcomplex, #NPIC, #imperialism, #capitalism, #philanthropy, #staterepression, #501c3, #academia, #foundations, #liberaldemocracy

data obtained from here 6 july 2020.

"The Directory of Ford Fellows contains information on Ford Foundation Fellows who held awards administered by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine including postdoctoral fellowship recipients awarded since 1980 and predoctoral and dissertation fellowship recipients awarded since 1986. […]

Information contained in the directory is entered initially at the time of fellowship award and is subsequently updated by Ford Fellows. […]

This database does not include Ford Fellows whose fellowships were administered by an institution or agency other than the Fellowships Office of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine nor does it include deceased Ford Fellows."

https://archive.org/details/download20200703200630

picrew avatar

Topics
#picrew, #picrewme

https://archive.org/details/allianceforglobaljustice-npic

Alliance for Global Justice IRS Forms 990

Topics
#neocolonialism, #unitedstatesofamerika, #nonprofitindustrialcomplex, #NPIC, #imperialism, #capitalism, #philanthropy, #staterepression, #501c3, #AllianceforGlobalJustice, #AFGJ, #foundations, #liberaldemocracy, #bougeoisie, #liberalism, #progressivism, #controlledopposition, #counterrevolution, #counterinsurgency

this item includes IRS Forms 990 for the Alliance for Global Justice (AFGJ) is an organizing group that serves as a fiscal sponsor to numerous liberal-progressive initiatives.

https://archive.org/details/ugandastories

Stories from Uganda History by H.W.R. Hawes

Topics
#Uganda, #history, #education, #britishcolonialism, #Africa, #colonialism, #Baganda, #Buganda, #Bunyoro, #Banyoro, #Banyankole, #Ankole, #Bahima, #Busoga, #Acholi, #Luo, #Bakiga, #Alur, #Kiga, #Karamojong, #Lugbara, #Madi, #Màdí, #Iteso, #Teso

children's book for educational purposes published by Longman Uganda

https://archive.org/details/occupationofhaiti

The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 by Hans Schmidt

Topics
#Haiti, #Ayiti, #unitedstatesofamerika, #slavery, #whitesupremacy, #history, #neocolonialism, #antiblackness, #colonialism, #Caribbean, #USMarines, #Marines, #UnitedStatesMarineCorps, #Citibank, #genocide, #counterinsurgency, #racism, #guerrillawarfare, #WoodrowWilson, #FranklinDelanoRoosevelt, #HerbertHoover, #CalvinCoolidge, #WarrenGamalielHarding, #laborhistory

Table of contents:

Frontmatter
Foreword (Stephen Solarz, page ix)
Acknowledgments (page xvii)
1 Introduction (page 3)
2 Haiti before the Intervention (page 19)
3 The Decision to Intervene (page 42)
4 The Interverntion (page 64)
5 The Marines Take Charge (page 82)
6 Reorganization and Rationalization (page 108)
7 Racial and Cultural Tensions (page 135)
8 Uplift—The Prospects (page 154)
9 Uplift—Success and Failure (page 174)
10 Strikes and Riots (page 189)
11 Withdrawal (page 207)
12 Epilogue (page 231)
Notes (page 239)
Bibliography (page 285)
Index (page 299)

https://archive.org/details/thedominicastory

The Dominica Story: A History of the Island by Lennox Honychurch

Topics
#Dominica, #Caribbean, #blackchattelslavery, #slavery, #history, #frenchcolonialism, #britishcolonialism, #Kalinago, #geography, #ecology, #folklore, #Waitukubuli, #maroons, #maroonwars, #marronage

The Dominica Story was first presented by Lennox Honychurch as a dramatised radio series tracing the origin and development of this often mysterious island from its volcanic formation up until its present. History has been interwoven with geography, ecology, folklore and social custom to produce a concise and colourful work which is not only vital to our knowledge of Dominica but to Caribbean history as a whole.

https://archive.org/details/nickconradplb

PLB by Nick Conrad

Topics
#whitesupremacy, #music, #musicvideos, #lynching, #NickConrad, #rap, #france, #NoisyleGrand

musician Nick Conrad uploaded this video to his YouTube channel in 2018. white supremacists began harassing him, the video was taken down, & he was denounced by france's interior minister & marine le pen, the leader of a popular fascist party, in september 2018. by 2019, he had been fired from his job, found guilty of a crime, & fined as a result of the white backlash.

this upload includes hard-coded english subtitles.

https://archive.org/details/mauritiusandtheseychelles

The History of Slavery in Mauritius and the Seychelles, 1810-1875 by Moses D. E. Nwulia

Topics
#Mauritius, #Seychelles, #britishcolonialism, #frenchcolonialism, #Africa, #history, #slavery, #blackchattelslavery, #IndianOcean, #antiblackness, #colonialism, #plantations, #sugarplantations

“This study emphasizes the roles that peoples of African origin played in the settlement and the development of Mauritius and the Seychelles during both French and British colonial regimes, and compares the socioeconomic conditions of blacks during the two periods.”

https://archive.org/details/thesugarmill

The Sugarmill: The Socioeconomic Complex of Sugar in Cuba 1760-1860 by Manuel Moreno Fraginals; Cedric Belfrage

Topics
#Cuba, #sugarmill, #sugar, #plantations, #sugarplantations, #slavery, #blackchattelslavery, #spanishimperialism, #Caribbean, #imperialism, #spain, #colonialism

originally published in spanish in 1964.

https://archive.org/details/pierremulele

Pierre Mulele ou la seconde vie de Patrice Lumumba by Ludo Martens; F.E. Lumumba

Topics
#Kwilurebellion, #KwangoKwilu, #PierreMulele, #PatriceLumumba, #Congo, #colonialism, #neocolonialism, #guerrillawarfare, #leCongo, #peopleswar, #belgiancolonialism, #imperialism, #CongoKinshasa, #RépubliquedémocratiqueduCongo

french-language history of the Congolese anti-imperialist movement beyond the assassination of Patrice Lumumba.

https://archive.org/details/revolt-of-african-slaves-in-iraq

The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the 3rd/9th Century by Alexandre Popovic; Léon King; Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

Topics
#Zanj, #slaverevolts, #history, #Iraq, #ZanjRebellion, #AbbasidCaliphate, #ThawratalZanj, #زَنْج‎, #زنجي, #Basra, #Zanjrevolt, #antiblackness, #blackchattelslavery, #slavery, #imperialism, #guerrillawarfare, #antiblackracism

translation; originally published in french in 1976

https://archive.org/details/chansonetconscience/

Chanson populaire et conscience politique au Sénégal: L’art de penser la nation by Ibrahima Wane

Topics
#Senegal, #Sénégal, #Senegaal, #السنغال, #Alsinighal, #chansonpopulaire, #consciencepolitique

volume 1: source
volume 2: source

https://archive.org/details/stabolition

Stabolitionist Memes

Topics
#abolition, #abolitionist, #transformativejustice, #restorativejustice, #slaves, #slavery, #blackchattelslavery, #antihumanism

collected from the decidedly inhumane internet

https://archive.org/details/plantationslaveryontheeastcoastofafrica

Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa by Frederick Cooper

Topics
#Africa, #EastAfrica, #slavery, #blackchattelslavery, #slavetrade, #Oman, #Zanzibar, #Mombasa, #Malindi, #Mambrui, #Pemba, #PembaIsland, #plantations, #cloveplantations, #زِنْجِبَار‎, #عمان‎, #مومباسا

“Expanding trade along the East African coast in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries set the stage for the transformation of small-scale coastal agriculture into a plantation system.” - from the introduction

https://archive.org/details/africanstudies

Manufacturing African Studies and Crises by Paul Tiyambe Zeleza

Topics
#AfricanStudies, #academia, #Africanists, #whitesupremacy, #antiblackness, #imperialism, #philipdcurtin, #discursivearchitecture, #colonialism, #neocolonialism, #intellectualhistory

CODESRIA Book Series

“This book is an interrogation of African studies, its formulations and fetishes, theories and trends, possibilities and pitfalls. As a discursive formulation, African studies is, of course, immersed in the contexts and configurations of the western epistemological order.”

Originally published in 1997; this file is a scan of a 2003 reprint.

https://archive.org/details/warandpeaceinyorubaland

War and Peace in Yorubaland 1793-1893 by Adeagbo Akinjogbin; J.F. Ade Ajayi; Olusegun Ekanade; Oluwole Aloba; Olasiji Oshin; G.O. Oyeweso; Funso Afolayan; A.G. Adebayo; Dare Oguntomisin; H.O. Danmole; Bolanle Awe; Omotayo Olutoye; A.A. Adediran; M.A. Are-Latoosa; B.F. Adeniji; G.I.O. Olomola; Akinsola Akiwowo; O. Olutoye; J.A. Olapade; J.A. Adefila; S.M. Opeola; Tunde Olewookere; Gbenga Fagborun; Folabo Ajayi; S.A. Akintoye; R.A. Olaniyan; S.O. Arifalo; J.A. Atanda; E.O. Oyelade; Deji Ogunremi; Wale Ajayi; G.O. Oguntomisin; Toyin Falola; Akin Alao; O. Oladitan; S.A. Makinde; Z.O. Apata; J.R.O. Ojo; Niyi Oladeji; T.M. Ilesanmi; Tejumola Olaniyan; Moyo Okediji; Adebayo Olaosun; Opeoluwa Onabajo; J.A. Ayorinde; Owa Adelani Famodun II

Topics
#Yorubaland, #history, #war, #slavery, #blackchattelslavery, #Yoruba, #Benin, #Togo, #YorubaCivilWars, #KirijiWar, #EkitiparapoWar, #EkitiParapoWar, #WestAfrica, #slavetrade, #Africa

the editor, Isaac Adeagbo Akinjogbin, is also credited as I.A. Akinjogbin throughout the book.

some numbered pages in between chapters are missing - these pages may be blank.

https://archive.org/details/africanguyanese

Themes in African-Guyanese History by Winston F. McGowan; James G. Rose; David A. Granger; Alvin O. Thompson; Brian L. Moore; Carl A. Braithwaite; Kimani S. Nehusi; Hazel M. Woolford; Clive Y. Thomas

Topics
#Guyana, #Essequibo, #Berbice, #britishcolonialism, #dutchcolonialism, #history, #Demerara, #Demerary, #BritishGuiana, #DemeraraEssequibo, #slavery, #blackchattelslavery, #colonialism, #Caribbean, #LatinAmerica, #slavetrade, #slaverevolts

“This book focuses on some of the major developments in the history of the African-Guyanese people from the time of their arrival in what were then the Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Berbice in the first half of the seventeenth century, to the present day. Most African-Guyanese today are descendants of enslaved Africans who were victims of the trans-Atlantic slave trade – the forced migration of millions of Africans, largely from West Africa to the Americas, from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries.”

https://archive.org/details/equianoandtheigbo

Olaudah Equiano And The Igbo World: History, Society, and Atlantic Diaspora Connections by Chima J. Korieh; Emmanuel N. Obiechina; Maureen N. Eke; Catherine Obianuju Acholonu; Dorothy Chinwe Okaegbu; Ogbo Ugwuanyi; Elizabeth Odachi Onogwu; Raphael Chijioke Njoke; Ogbu U. Kalu; J. Akuma Kalu-Njoku; Felix K. Ekechi; Adiele Afigbo; John N. Oriji; Douglas B. Chambers; Hannah N. Eby Chukwu; Daniel Kloza; Ron Milland

Topics
#OlaudahEquiano, #Igbo, #BightofBiafra, #WestAfrica, #blackchattelslavery, #slavetrade, #imperialism, #colonialism, #britishcolonialism, #Nigeria, #christianity, #gender, #IgboStudies

https://archive.org/details/portugueseafrica

The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire by Norrie MacQueen

Topics
#Angola, #Mozambique, #GuineaBissau, #CaboVerde, #CapeVerde, #GuinéBissau, #SãoToméandPríncipe, #SãoToméePríncipe, #SãoTomé, #Príncipe, #portugal, #MozambicanWarofIndependence, #FrentedeLibertaçãodeMoçambique, #FRELIMO, #CarnationRevolution, #EstadoNovo, #fascism, #portuguesecolonialism, #colonialism, #imperialism, #AngolanWarofIndependence, #LutaArmadadeLibertaçãoNacional, #MPLA, #UNITA, #FNLA, #PeoplesMovementfortheLiberationofAngola, #MovimentoPopulardeLibertaçãodeAngola, #NationalFrontfortheLiberationofAngola, #FrenteNacionaldeLibertaçãodeAngola, #UniãoNacionalparaaIndependênciaTotaldeAngola, #NationalUnionfortheTotalIndependenceofAngola, #GuineaBissauWarofIndependence, #PAIGC, #AfricanPartyfortheIndependenceofGuineaandCapeVerde, #PartidoAfricanoparaaIndependênciadaGuinéeCaboVerde, #MovementfortheLiberationofSãoToméandPríncipe, #MovimentodeLibertaçãodeSãoToméePríncipe, #MLSTP, #anticolonialism, #guerrillawarfare, #genocide, #antiblackness, #Africa, #revolution, #controlledopposition, #war, #politicalpolice, #slavercolonialism, #slavercolonizers, #portugueseempire, #antiimperialism, #armedstruggle

https://archive.org/details/passage-port-and-plantation

Passage, Port and Plantation: A History of Solomon Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 by Peter Corris

Topics
#SolomonIslands, #queensland, #PacificIslands, #Fiji, #Samoa, #Melanesia, #Melanesians, #britishimperialism, #australianimperialism, #indenturedservitude, #slavery, #britain, #australia, #Oceania, #antiblackness

more than 30,000 Solomon Islanders were used by colonizers to build australia and Pacific Island colonies.