https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/offshore-synthetic-fuel-plant-germany
I looked up the above paper because I am curious about how direct air capture (DAC) used with renewable energy could create synthetic e-fuels. "E-fuels could extend the reach of wind and solar electricity to potentially all end-use
sectors" according to this paper "Potential and risks of hydrogen-based e-
fuels in climate change mitigation" https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/rest/items/item_25599_6/component/file_26999/content . It walks through the energy efficiency of using e-fuels versus direct electrification.
Generally direct electrification is better, but for high intensity applications it will make sense to use synthetic fuels. Currently e-fuels are much more expensive than fossil fuels, so it is important to support e-fuel development now, while making sure that it is not a distraction from direct electrification.
