Giuseppe Michieli#Influenza PA #Substitutions and Genetic Diversity of #H1N1pdm09, #H3N2, and B/Victoria Viruses in #Japan During the 2023–2024 Season, https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/12/influenza-pa-substitutions-and-genetic.html
Dominant #substitutions underlying the #antigenic #evolution of #H5 #influenza virus, https://etidiohnew.blogspot.com/2025/11/dominant-substitutions-underlying.html
''Compared to the Svalbard avian index case, #PB2 #segment of the walrus sequence contained only 2 aa #substitutions, including #E627K mutation, which is known to enhance #infectivity in #mammals. Interestingly, all avian HPAIV H5N5 from Norway, as well as the walrus sequence, have a set of 6 aa in PB2 that have been reported to favour infection of mammals [Citation11].''
''all five isolates harbored HA #markers (226Q and 228G), suggesting more efficient #binding to avian receptors than to human #receptors, while all five strains had amino acid #substitutions that included 133A and 156A which might increase binding affinity to human-like receptors''
#Detection of #influenza #H3N2 viruses with #polymerase acidic subunit #substitutions after & prior to #baloxavir marboxil #treatment during the 2022-23 influenza season in Japan, Antiviral Res.: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166354224001657?via%3Dihub
2 viruses harboring PA/I38T (0.8%) prior to antiviral treatment were observed. 8 viruses with PA variants (14.8%) appeared after baloxavir administration. Duration of fever & symptoms between patients with & without PA #variants after baloxavir treatment & not differ.
Comprehensive #Molecular #Epidemiology of #Influenza Viruses in #Brazil: Insights from a Nationwide Analysis, BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.602044v1
For #H1N1pdm09, 2022 consensus of 5a.2a.1 & #vaccine strain A/Victoria/2570/2019 had 14 amino acid #substitutions. Key residues such as H180, D187, K219, R223, E224, & T133 are involved in hydrogen interactions with #sialic acids, while N130, K142, and D222 may influence distance interactions based on docking analyses.
The #H4 #subtype of avian #influenza virus: a #review of its historical #evolution, global #distribution, adaptive #mutations and #receptor #binding properties, Poul Sci.: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579124004929?via%3Dihub
The Q226L/G228S #substitutions in the receptor-binding site have led to structural changes in globular head of H4 AIV, resulting in a configuration similar to that of #pandemic #H2N2 and #H3N2 human influenza viruses.
Increase of permissive secondary #antiviral #mutations in #evolution of #H1N1pdm09 #influenza virus #neuraminidases, BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.599480v1
Accumulation of secondary permissive #substitutions in NA of H1N1pdm09 viruses increases probability of emergence of antiviral- #resistant viruses. It is crucial to closely monitor evolution of circulating influenza viruses & to develop additional antiviral drugs against different target proteins.
#Virological characteristics of the #SarsCoV2 #KP3, #LB1 and #KP23 #variants, BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.05.597664v1?rss=1
Our results suggest that S #substitutions convergently acquired in #JN1 #subvariants contribute to immune evasion, & increase their Re when compared to parental JN.1. LB.1 & KP.2.3 exhibited higher pseudovirus #infectivity & more immune resistance than KP.2. Data suggest that S:S31del is critical to exhibit +infectivity, +immune evasion, & potentially contributes to increased Re.
AutisticMumTo3Weirdest supermarket substitutions include mushrooms swapped for tampons | The Independent
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/supermarket-substitution-online-shopping-weirdest-b2513783.html
